Differential Educational Achievement Overview
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What are the two concepts that Lacey explored to explain how pupil subcultures develop?

  • Assessment and Impact
  • Differentiation and Polarisation (correct)
  • Streaming and Labeling
  • Achievement and Attitude

    • The pro-school subculture is primarily composed of students from working-class backgrounds.

    False

    What does the term 'polarisation' refer to in the context of pupil subcultures?

    The process by which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards pro-school or anti-school subcultures.

    Lacey's study highlighted the impact of ______ and streaming in creating failure among pupils.

    <p>labelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sociologist to their findings regarding pupil subcultures and streaming:

    <p>Lacey = Differentiation and Polarisation Hargreaves = Found boys labeled as 'worthless louts' Ball = Streaming affects the presence of subcultures Hightown Boy’s Grammar = The context of Lacey's study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do liberal feminists argue regarding girls' achievement?

    <p>Progress has been made, but more is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to sociologists, boys' poor literacy skills are an external factor affecting male achievement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change in the curriculum since the 1980s has positively impacted girls' achievement?

    <p>Removal of gender stereotypes from textbooks and learning materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that girls face obstacles such as sexual harassment and limited subject options is primarily advocated by __________ feminists.

    <p>Radical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following internal factors affecting boys' achievement with their descriptions:

    <p>Feminisation of education = Shift towards teaching styles favoring girls Male role models = Presence of male figures that inspire boys Laddish subcultures = Cultures that valorize anti-school attitudes among boys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do some sociologists believe has resulted from the removal of gender stereotypes in education?

    <p>It has removed a barrier to girls' achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls are underrepresented in the subject area of history according to radical feminists.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sociologists identify as an internal factor contributing to boys' achievement?

    <p>Feminisation of education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of code is typically associated with the middle class (M/C)?

    <p>Elaborated code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Restricted code assumes a shared context and experience among speakers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Douglas, what is the most important factor for educational achievement?

    <p>Parental attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M/C children often enter school already _____ in the elaborated code.

    <p>fluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following codes with their characteristics:

    <p>Restricted Code = Limited vocabulary, grammatically simple sentences Elaborated Code = Large vocabulary, grammatically complex sentences Middle Class = Typically uses elaborated code Working Class = Typically uses restricted code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following criticisms does Bernstein face?

    <p>He overlooks diversity within social classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Troyna and Williams, the issue lies with the child's language, not the school's attitude.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Working-Class (W/C) parents often exhibit in terms of educational value?

    <p>Less interest and ambition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an external factor impacting female achievement in education?

    <p>Equal opportunities policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Equal Pay Act was passed in 1975.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major effect of the rise of feminism on girls in education?

    <p>Improved expectations and self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ Act makes it illegal for women to be discriminated against in employment based on their sex.

    <p>Sex Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the external factors impacting female achievement with their descriptions:

    <p>The impact/rise of Feminism = A social movement for equal rights for women Changes in women’s employment = Legal improvements providing better pay and opportunities Girls changing perceptions and ambitions = Increased aspirations for career success The Equal Pay Act = Legislation to ensure equal pay for equal work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which internal factor helps provide female students with role models in schools?

    <p>Positive role models within school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors influenced teachers' judgments according to Becker's research?

    <p>Work, conduct, and appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls' ambitions have decreased since the rise of feminism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted a study comparing the ambitions of girls from the 1970s to the 1990s?

    <p>Sharpe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural capital refers to the advantages M/C families have in accessing educational choices.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains the process of attaching a meaning to a pupil?

    <p>Labelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Becker, M/C pupils are closer to the __________ pupil compared to W/C pupils.

    <p>ideal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose work prominently featured the concept of labelling in education?

    <p>Becker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the researcher with their main finding:

    <p>Becker = Judged pupils based on how they fit the 'ideal pupil' image Cicourel = Studied labelling by career counsellors Rist = Used home backgrounds for seating arrangements Gewirtz = Noted M/C families have greater choice in education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whitty argues that the 1988 Education Reform Act increased choice for all parents equally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential criticism of labelling theory?

    <p>It ignores the wider structures of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of pupils is often labelled as ‘Tigers’?

    <p>Pupils from a middle-class background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The self-fulfilling prophecy suggests a label can lead to actions that confirm the original label.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in educational contexts?

    <p>A prediction that comes true because it has been made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of self-fulfilling prophecy states that if a teacher labels a pupil as __________, the pupil may internalize that label and act accordingly.

    <p>intelligent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecy = Expectation that causes its own fulfillment Pupil subculture = Group of pupils sharing similar behaviors Streaming = Grouping pupils based on ability Labeling = Assigning characteristics to a pupil based on appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does streaming have on pupils according to the self-fulfilling prophecy?

    <p>It creates pressure that correlates with their labelled ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teachers' expectations can significantly influence the academic outcomes of their pupils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'pupil subculture'?

    <p>A group of pupils who share similar values and behavior patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Differential Educational Achievement: Overview

    • Sociologists categorize factors affecting educational achievement into external and internal factors.
    • External factors are outside the education system, such as family, societal and economic influences.
    • Internal factors are within the education system, like interactions between students/teachers and school inequalities.

    Class and Educational Achievement

    • Social class remains a key predictor of educational attainment in the UK (Perry and Francis, 2010).
    • Cultural deprivation, material deprivation, and cultural capital are key external factors.
    • Internal factors include labelling, self-fulfilling prophecies, pupil subcultures, and educational policies.

    External Factor 1: Cultural Deprivation

    • Sodha and Margo (2010) suggest cultural factors create disengagement for working-class students.
    • Cultural deprivation theorists argue that basic values, attitudes, and skills necessary for educational success are acquired during primary socialization.
    • Middle-class families are more likely to transmit these values and skills, leading to better educational outcomes for their children.

    External Factor 2: Material Deprivation

    • Material deprivation (poverty and lack of necessities) affects educational attainment.
    • Sociologists link poverty to social class.
    • Housing issues (overcrowding, dampness) and poor diets can lead to underperformance in school.

    External Factor 3: Cultural Capital

    • Bourdieu (1984) argues that cultural capital (values, language, tastes, and knowledge) influences educational success.
    • Middle-class children are more likely to have access to cultural capital than working-class children, allowing them to succeed in school.
    • This includes access to 'high culture' (e.g., museums, theatre).

    Internal Factor 1: Labelling

    • Teachers' expectations and labels can influence students' achievement.
    • Becker (1971) found that teachers judged pupils based on their fit with an 'ideal pupil' image.
    • Negative labels can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, where students internalize the label and act accordingly, leading to underachievement.

    Internal Factor 2: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

    • A prediction that comes true because it's been made.
    • Teachers' preconceived notions about students' abilities can affect student outcomes, regardless of their actual abilities.

    Internal Factor 3: Pupil Subculture

    • A group of students sharing similar values and behaviors.
    • These are often reactions to labelling or streaming.
    • Anti-school subcultures may oppose school norms.

    Gender and Educational Achievement

    • External factors include feminism's impact, changes in women's employment, and changing ambition levels.
    • Internal factors include equal opportunities policies, role models, GCSEs & coursework, and challenging gender stereotypes.

    Gender: External Factors

    • Feminist movements, opportunities in employment and ambition changes affected female education.
    • The rise of feminism and greater equality led to higher aspirations.

    Gender: Internal Factors

    • Equal opportunities policies have lessened barriers for girls.
    • Female role models have encouraged girls' achievement.
    • Changes in assessment like GCSEs & coursework have shown more favorable results for girls.

    Ethnicity and Educational Achievement

    • External factors include cultural deprivation (attitudes and values), cultural deprivation (family structure), racism (wider society), and material deprivation.
    • Internal factors include labelling and teacher racism, the 'ethnocentric' curriculum, institutional racism, and segregation.

    Ethnicity: External Factors

    • Cultural deprivation, a lack of motivation in primary socialization and family structure are mentioned as potential contributing factors to underachievement for certain ethnic groups.
    • Material deprivation and racism also create disadvantages for students.

    Ethnicity: Internal Factors

    • Racism from teachers can affect how students are treated and perceived in school.
    • The curriculum may not reflect the experiences and cultures of ethnic minority students.
    • Racism within the education system is also an issue that can impact on performance.

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    Differential Education Achievement PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the external and internal factors affecting educational achievement, emphasizing the role of social class in the UK. It covers concepts such as cultural deprivation and their impact on student engagement and success. Engage with key theories that explain how these factors interact within the education system.

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