Lecture 3 cogno

Buchu Leaf

• Synonyms include Short Buchu and Round Buchu
• This leaf is from the dried leaves of Barosma betulina, of the Rutaceae family
• It contains volatile oil, between 1.2-1.45%
• About 30% of this oil is diosphenol, which is an enolic monoterpene ketone
• It also contains the ketone menthone, responsible for the peppermint-like odor
• It contains flavone glycoside (diosmin) which yields glucose, rhamnose and diosmetin upon hydrolysis
• As a therapeutic use, it is a disinfectant to the urinary tract
• The oil is excreted by the kidneys, making the urine slightly acidic
• It has diuretic and diaphoretic action
• It is anti-inflammatory for the colon, gums, mucous membranes, prostate, sinuses, urinary tract, and vagina
• Indicated for bladder and kidney problems, diabetes, digestive disorders, fluid retention, and prostate disorders
• It is helpful for bladder infections

Bearberry Leaf

• Synonyms include Red Bearberry Leaf, Uva-ursi, and Mountain Box Leaf
• This leaf is from the dried leaves of Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, of the Ericaceae family
• It contains phenolic glycosides (arbutin and ericolin)
• Arbutin yields hydroquinone and glucose upon hydrolysis with dilute HCl
• It contains a crystalline resinous principle (ursone)
• It contains tannins for 5%, made of gallic acid and ellagic acid
• It contains a yellow crystalline coloring principle
• As a therapeutic use, it acts as a stimulant diuretic and antiseptic in diseases of the urinary tract
• It has a similar action to Buchu but is more astringent
• For chemical identification, placing a fragment of Bearberry leaf in vanillin/HCl solution will produce a carmine-red color

Eucalyptus Leaves

• This leaf is from Eucalyptus globulus of the Myrtaceae family
• When fresh, it contains 3-5% of volatile oil, which includes cineol, pinene, limonene, phellandrene, and terpine
• The leaves also contain tannin
• As a therapeutic use, it can be an aromatic fragrance in soap and perfume, a relaxant in aromatherapy, and an astringent
• Employed in cigarette form, the leaf can treat asthma
• It's effective as a decongestant for the common cold, catarrh, and sinusitis
• The volatile oil has antiseptic properties and is rubefacient in rheumatism

Guava Leaves

• These are the dried leaves of Psdium guajava L. Fam. Myrtaceae
• Constituents include volatile oil (cineole, limonene, cadinol alcohol)
• The leaves contain resins, tannins, and ellagic acid
• It also includes flavonoid quercetin, its glycoside aircularin, and guaiaverine
• Its uses include: astringent, and antiseptic for the respiratory tract in coughs

Jaborandi Leaf

• Dry leaflets of Pilocarpus microphyllus (Maranham Jaborandi), P. jaborandi, (Pernambuco Jaborandi) and P. pinnatifolius (Paraguay Jaborandi) from the Rutaceae family
• Active constituents include alkaloids for 0.7-0.8% (pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilosine and isopilosine) and volatile oil for 0.5%
• As a therapeutic use, the action of pilocarpine is antagonistic to that of atropine
• Salts of pilocarpine (e.g. pilocarpine nitrate) are used in ophthalmic preparations
• This is because they cause contraction of the pupil of the eye (Miotic effect)
• Used in glaucoma treatment
• For Helch's test (for pilocarpine): Boil 1 g of powdered jaborandi with 10 mL of dilute sulfuric acid, filter, cool and add to the filtrate 2 drops of H2O2 solution, 2 drops of K2Cr2O7 solution, then shake with 10 mL of benzene: a violet color appears in the benzene layer, and yellow color appears in the aqueous layer

Boldo Leaf

• These are the dried leaves of Peumus boldus (Fam. Monimiaceae)
• Its active constituents include volatile oil for up to 2%, an alkaloid (boldine) for 2%, and also glycoside (boldoglucine), as well as a resinous substance and tannic acid
• As a therapeutic use, it is an aromatic stimulant and a mild diuretic
• It is also a hepatic stimulant in cases of jaundice

Mentha

• It originates with the dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita of the Labiatae family
• Active constituents include volatile oil such as menthol, menthyl acetate, limonene, pinene, terpene, and terpene esters
• It has uses as a flavoring agent, carminative, stimulant, and in confectionery
• It is also a counter irritant, and can be found in chewing gum, toothpaste, and mouth wash

Rosmary

• It originates with the dried leaves and flowering tops of Rosmarius officinalis Linn of the Labiatae family
• Active constituents include volatile oil made of borneol and bornyl acetate
• It includes phenolic acids including rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, ursolic acid and betulinic acid
• It includes Triterpene alcohol, amyrin, and Betulin, as well as sitosterol
• It has uses as a flavoring agent and carminative

Sweet Marjoram

• These are dried leaves of Origanum majorana L. Fam. Labiatae
• The plant contains essential oil, with terpinenes, terpineol, and linalol, and carvacrol
• It is traditionally used to treat acute benign bronchiol disease
• It is also for the symptomatic treatment of functional dyspepsia
• If used locally, it can relieve the symptoms of a cold, such as a nasal decongestant, and for oral hygiene

Sweet Basil

• These are dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. Fam. Labiatae
• Active constituents include volatile oil with 65-85% methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, and a small amount of cineol, fenchol, linalool and methyleugenol
• It can be claimed to be digestive
• It can treat fevers, coughs, flu, asthma, bronchitis, influenza, and diarrhea

Tea Leaf

• The part used is the dried prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis, of the Theaceae family
• Active constituents include the alkaloid caffeine (trimethylxanthine) for 1-5% and traces of the alkaloids theobromine (dimethylxanthine) and its isomer, theophylline
• It contains tannins for 10-24%
• The leaf contains flavonoids, catechins, biflavonoids, and polyphenols
• It can be used as a CNS stimulant due to its content of caffeine
• Caffeine is a mild diuretic, with less diuretic effect than theobromine
• It delays the onset of arteriosclerosis and offsets mental fatigue; it acts as a weak smooth muscle relaxant
• Large doses of tea can cause gastritis and irritation of the stomach
• Can also create peptic ulcers, nervous irritability, extrasystole of cardiac muscles, constipation, and induce habituation
• For chemical identification in alkaloids (Murexide test): Evaporate a 10% aqueous decoction of tea leaf, add 1 mL of conc. HCl, then evaporate to dryness
• Expose the residue to vapors of NH4OH to yield a purple color, which disappears on addition of KOH solution

Henna Leaf

• Dried leaves of Lawsonia alba, Fam. Lythraceae
• Its active constituents include a coloring substance (lawsone), two coumarin derivatives, and a flavonoid (luteolin glucoside)
• Active constituents include henna tannin, fats, and mucilage
• Therapeutically, it is a natural dye for hair, in the form of an aqueous decoction
• Has anti-fungal and antiseptic properties for the skin and scalp
• To identify for lawsone: Boil 1 g of powdered henna in 20 mL of H2O for one minute, filter, the filtrate is orange to orange-brown in color