Pharmaceoeconomics

What does Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) not place a dollar value on?

Human life

In CEA, how is the valuation of life typically expressed?

As units of effectiveness

Which of the following is not considered when comparing two treatments using CEA?

Disability days avoided

What is a common misuse of CEA as highlighted in the text?

Comparison of treatment costs only Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could be compared using CEA between two programs designed to prevent excess mortality?

Lives saved Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug selection based on CEA, what does the Cost-Effectiveness (C/E) ratio represent?

$ spent per mm HG blood pressure reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an indirect cost of illness?

Time lost from work due to illness Signup and view all the answers

Which cost remains constant regardless of the output?

Fixed costs like pharmacist salary Signup and view all the answers

How is average cost calculated?

Total cost divided by quantity of output Signup and view all the answers

What does marginal cost represent?

Change in total costs of producing one additional unit of output Signup and view all the answers

What is the opportunity cost in economic decision making?

Foregone income from alternative choices Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Cost of Illness includes professional services and hospital care?

Direct medical costs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) Global payment rate?

To evaluate admissions avoided or incurred Signup and view all the answers

In Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), how are the outcomes of different alternatives typically compared?

By assuming outcomes to be equal and measuring costs Signup and view all the answers

Which cost analysis methodology involves comparing two or more alternatives with identical outcomes?

Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)?

Measuring quality-adjusted life years (QALY) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of healthcare economics, what is a key characteristic of Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)?

Assuming identical outcomes for compared alternatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) methodologies?

CEA focuses on outcomes, while CBA focuses on monetary costs Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is a better measure of opportunity cost than average cost according to the text?

Marginal cost Signup and view all the answers

In the context of assigning dollar values, what is recommended when there is little competition?

Using market prices Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when allocating shared resources among multiple programs?

Allocate the cost among all programs using the resource Signup and view all the answers

Why is marginal cost considered a better indicator of resource value?

It considers opportunity cost Signup and view all the answers

What should be reported separately from monetary values when determining costs?

Units of consumption Signup and view all the answers

Why might hospital charges often bear little relationship to resources consumed?

Lack of competition in healthcare industry Signup and view all the answers

In a Visual Analogue Scale, what does '100' represent?

The best state of health imaginable Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in pharmacoeconomic methodologies?

Economic outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

Celecoxib vs. diclofenac for RA Signup and view all the answers

What type of outcomes does Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) focus on?

Clinical outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)?

Breast cancer screening intervention Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pharmacoeconomic methodologies, what does CUA refer to?

Humanistic outcomes Signup and view all the answers