Pharmaceoeconomics
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Questions and Answers

What does Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) not place a dollar value on?

  • Side effects
  • Human life (correct)
  • Social welfare
  • Outcome

In CEA, how is the valuation of life typically expressed?

  • As a dollar amount
  • In terms of years lived
  • As a percentage
  • As units of effectiveness (correct)

Which of the following is not considered when comparing two treatments using CEA?

  • Blood pressure decrease in mm HG
  • Cases cured
  • Disability days avoided (correct)
  • Lives saved

What is a common misuse of CEA as highlighted in the text?

<p>Comparison of treatment costs only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could be compared using CEA between two programs designed to prevent excess mortality?

<p>Lives saved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug selection based on CEA, what does the Cost-Effectiveness (C/E) ratio represent?

<p>$ spent per mm HG blood pressure reduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an indirect cost of illness?

<p>Time lost from work due to illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cost remains constant regardless of the output?

<p>Fixed costs like pharmacist salary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is average cost calculated?

<p>Total cost divided by quantity of output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does marginal cost represent?

<p>Change in total costs of producing one additional unit of output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opportunity cost in economic decision making?

<p>Foregone income from alternative choices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Cost of Illness includes professional services and hospital care?

<p>Direct medical costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) Global payment rate?

<p>To evaluate admissions avoided or incurred (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), how are the outcomes of different alternatives typically compared?

<p>By assuming outcomes to be equal and measuring costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cost analysis methodology involves comparing two or more alternatives with identical outcomes?

<p>Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)?

<p>Measuring quality-adjusted life years (QALY) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of healthcare economics, what is a key characteristic of Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)?

<p>Assuming identical outcomes for compared alternatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) methodologies?

<p>CEA focuses on outcomes, while CBA focuses on monetary costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is a better measure of opportunity cost than average cost according to the text?

<p>Marginal cost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of assigning dollar values, what is recommended when there is little competition?

<p>Using market prices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when allocating shared resources among multiple programs?

<p>Allocate the cost among all programs using the resource (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is marginal cost considered a better indicator of resource value?

<p>It considers opportunity cost (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be reported separately from monetary values when determining costs?

<p>Units of consumption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might hospital charges often bear little relationship to resources consumed?

<p>Lack of competition in healthcare industry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Visual Analogue Scale, what does '100' represent?

<p>The best state of health imaginable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in pharmacoeconomic methodologies?

<p>Economic outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

<p>Celecoxib vs. diclofenac for RA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of outcomes does Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) focus on?

<p>Clinical outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)?

<p>Breast cancer screening intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pharmacoeconomic methodologies, what does CUA refer to?

<p>Humanistic outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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