Pharmaceoeconomics
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Questions and Answers

What does Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) not place a dollar value on?

  • Side effects
  • Human life (correct)
  • Social welfare
  • Outcome
  • In CEA, how is the valuation of life typically expressed?

  • As a dollar amount
  • In terms of years lived
  • As a percentage
  • As units of effectiveness (correct)
  • Which of the following is not considered when comparing two treatments using CEA?

  • Blood pressure decrease in mm HG
  • Cases cured
  • Disability days avoided (correct)
  • Lives saved
  • What is a common misuse of CEA as highlighted in the text?

    <p>Comparison of treatment costs only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could be compared using CEA between two programs designed to prevent excess mortality?

    <p>Lives saved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug selection based on CEA, what does the Cost-Effectiveness (C/E) ratio represent?

    <p>$ spent per mm HG blood pressure reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an indirect cost of illness?

    <p>Time lost from work due to illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cost remains constant regardless of the output?

    <p>Fixed costs like pharmacist salary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is average cost calculated?

    <p>Total cost divided by quantity of output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does marginal cost represent?

    <p>Change in total costs of producing one additional unit of output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opportunity cost in economic decision making?

    <p>Foregone income from alternative choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Cost of Illness includes professional services and hospital care?

    <p>Direct medical costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) Global payment rate?

    <p>To evaluate admissions avoided or incurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), how are the outcomes of different alternatives typically compared?

    <p>By assuming outcomes to be equal and measuring costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cost analysis methodology involves comparing two or more alternatives with identical outcomes?

    <p>Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)?

    <p>Measuring quality-adjusted life years (QALY)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of healthcare economics, what is a key characteristic of Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)?

    <p>Assuming identical outcomes for compared alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) methodologies?

    <p>CEA focuses on outcomes, while CBA focuses on monetary costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which indicator is a better measure of opportunity cost than average cost according to the text?

    <p>Marginal cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of assigning dollar values, what is recommended when there is little competition?

    <p>Using market prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when allocating shared resources among multiple programs?

    <p>Allocate the cost among all programs using the resource</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is marginal cost considered a better indicator of resource value?

    <p>It considers opportunity cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be reported separately from monetary values when determining costs?

    <p>Units of consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might hospital charges often bear little relationship to resources consumed?

    <p>Lack of competition in healthcare industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Visual Analogue Scale, what does '100' represent?

    <p>The best state of health imaginable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emphasis of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in pharmacoeconomic methodologies?

    <p>Economic outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

    <p>Celecoxib vs. diclofenac for RA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of outcomes does Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) focus on?

    <p>Clinical outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)?

    <p>Breast cancer screening intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pharmacoeconomic methodologies, what does CUA refer to?

    <p>Humanistic outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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