50 Questions
What is the daily minimum recommended intake of carbohydrates for women with gestational diabetes?
175 g
What is the target range for blood glucose levels during pregnancy for women with gestational diabetes?
140 to 180 mg/dL
How often should women with a history of gestational diabetes be screened for the development of diabetes or prediabetes?
Every 3 years
What percentage of women with gestational diabetes can control blood glucose levels with lifestyle modifications alone?
70% to 85%
What test should be conducted for women at high or average risk for gestational diabetes?
Oral glucose tolerance test
What is the glucose threshold value that warrants further testing for gestational diabetes?
140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
What should be the initial management approach for gestational diabetes?
Dietary modification and blood glucose monitoring
What is the recommended daily intake of protein for women with gestational diabetes?
71 g
After delivery, what happens to the blood glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes?
They return to normal
What is the likelihood of women who have had gestational diabetes developing type 2 diabetes later in life?
Possible
What are the main problems in type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
What is the characteristic feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis
What may uncontrolled type 2 diabetes lead to?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)
What are the mild symptoms that may indicate the onset of type 2 diabetes?
Fatigue, irritability, and polyuria
What is gestational diabetes?
Any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy
What is the effect of excess glucose in the blood?
Glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
Why is type 2 diabetes becoming more common in younger people?
Due to the obesity epidemic
What is the characteristic feature of metabolic syndrome?
Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and abdominal obesity
What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?
Marked obesity, a history of gestational diabetes, and glycosuria
When is screening for gestational diabetes recommended?
At the first prenatal visit for high-risk women and at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation for all women
What is the main characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What is thought to contribute to beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes?
Genetic, immunologic, and possibly environmental factors
What is the role of genetic susceptibility in the development of type 1 diabetes?
It is a common underlying factor
What has been found in people with certain human leukocyte antigen types?
Genetic tendency toward the development of type 1 diabetes
What is an abnormal response found in type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune response
What have been detected in people at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against islet cells and endogenous insulin
What type of response is seen in type 1 diabetes where antibodies are directed against normal tissues of the body?
Autoimmune response
What continues to be investigated in relation to the destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes?
Environmental factors such as viruses or toxins
What is the role of genetic predisposition in the development of type 1 diabetes?
People inherit a genetic predisposition toward the development of type 1 diabetes
What has been detected in people several years before the development of clinical signs of type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against islet cells and endogenous insulin
What is the main characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
Beta-cell destruction
What is thought to contribute to beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes?
Viral factors
What is the role of genetic susceptibility in the development of type 1 diabetes?
Indirect predisposition towards type 1 diabetes
What is an abnormal response found in type 1 diabetes where antibodies are directed against normal tissues of the body?
Autoimmune response
What have been detected in people at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against islet cells and endogenous insulin
What is the likelihood of inheriting type 1 diabetes?
Low likelihood
What is the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes?
Response against normal body tissues
What is the characteristic feature of type 1 diabetes?
Insulin underproduction
What is the role of environmental factors in the destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes?
Initiating destruction of beta cells
What is the role of genetic susceptibility in the development of type 1 diabetes?
Indirect predisposition towards type 1 diabetes
What is thought to contribute to beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes?
Genetic, immunologic, and possibly environmental factors
What is the underlying factor in the development of type 1 diabetes?
Genetic susceptibility
What abnormal response is found in type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune response
What have been detected in people at the time of diagnosis and even several years before the development of clinical signs of type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against islet cells and against endogenous insulin
What factors continue to be investigated as potential initiators of beta cell destruction?
Environmental factors such as viruses or toxins
What is the characteristic feature of type 1 diabetes?
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What do people inherit that contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes?
Genetic predisposition
What has been found in people with certain human leukocyte antigen types?
Genetic tendency for type 1 diabetes
What is the abnormal response in which antibodies are directed against normal tissues of the body in type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against islet cells and against endogenous insulin
What components, in addition to genetic and immunologic factors, are being investigated as potential initiators of beta cell destruction?
Environmental factors such as viruses or toxins
Study Notes
Understanding Diabetes and its Types
- Destruction of beta cells leads to decreased insulin production, increased glucose production, fasting hyperglycemia, and postprandial hyperglycemia.
- Excess glucose in the blood can lead to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis, causing excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes.
- Insulin deficiency results in unrestrained glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fat breakdown, leading to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
- Type 2 diabetes is more common among older individuals and those with obesity, but its incidence is increasing in younger people due to the obesity epidemic.
- The main problems in type 2 diabetes are insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, leading to increased insulin secretion to maintain glucose levels.
- Insulin resistance may also lead to metabolic syndrome, characterized by symptoms like hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and abdominal obesity.
- Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes does not typically lead to DKA due to the presence of enough insulin to prevent the breakdown of fat and production of ketone bodies.
- Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes may lead to hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) but not typically to DKA.
- Type 2 diabetes onset may go undetected for years, with mild symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, polyuria, polydipsia, poorly healing wounds, and vaginal infections.
- Gestational diabetes is any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy, particularly in the second and third trimesters due to insulin resistance caused by placental hormones.
- High-risk groups for gestational diabetes include those with marked obesity, a history of gestational diabetes, glycosuria, or a strong family history of diabetes, as well as certain ethnic groups.
- Screening for gestational diabetes is recommended for high-risk women at their first prenatal visit and for all women at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation, but not for those identified as low risk.
Test your knowledge of diabetes and its types with this informative quiz. Explore the causes, symptoms, and complications of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Learn about the differences between insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, and understand the risk factors associated with each type.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
