Diabetes Mellitus Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily characterizes Diabetes Mellitus?

Complete absence of insulin secretion

Hyperglycemia due to insulin inefficiency (correct)

Elevated insulin production

Increased metabolism of glucose

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing Diabetes Mellitus?

Obesity with a BMI greater than 30

Age over 35

Family history of diabetes

Regular physical activity (correct)

What role do counterregulatory hormones play in glucose metabolism?

They decrease glucose levels in the bloodstream

They stimulate glucose production by the liver (correct)

They enhance the effectiveness of insulin

They promote glucose transport into the cells

Which condition is characterized by fasting glucose levels between 100 to 125?

Impaired fasting glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of blood glucose levels indicated in the content?

70 to 120 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of glucagon's action in the body?

Increase blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What are ketones a byproduct of?

Fat metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic groups are identified as having a higher risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus?

African Americans and Asian Americans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

Insulin facilitates glucose transport across the cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom could indicate diabetes in a patient?

Polydipsia Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity impact the likelihood of developing Diabetes Mellitus?

Obesity leads to impaired insulin utilization. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of diabetes does the body experience impaired insulin utilization?

Type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings is indicative of type 1 diabetes?

Destruction of beta cells Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of gestational diabetes?

It may result in the development of diabetes later in life. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark feature of cortisol release in the body?

Rises with stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring glucose A1C levels in at-risk patients?

To assess long-term glucose exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is essential for managing type 1 diabetes?

Both long-acting and short-acting insulin Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described as having a slow onset with few symptoms and undetected hyperglycemia?

Type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parathyroid glands?

Regulate calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is least likely to result from long-term diabetes complications?

Gout Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic cells?

Sulfonylureas Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of both sulfonylureas and meglitinides?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended by the American Diabetes Association for blood pressure management in high-risk patients?

130/80 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with gastroparesis?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Metformin in diabetes management?

Decreases the hepatic overproduction of glucose Signup and view all the answers

When should a-glucosidase inhibitors like Glyset and Precose be taken for optimal efficacy?

With the first bite of each main meal Signup and view all the answers

Which blood glucose level range is ideal for administering oral medications for diabetes management?

70 - 99 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What should be administered to a patient experiencing hypoglycemia after blood glucose has been measured?

Glucagon 0.5 - 2 mg IM Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the use of oral agents for diabetes is accurate?

They are primarily used for type 2 diabetes management. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nursing consideration when administering a-glucosidase inhibitors?

Their effectiveness is measured by checking 2-hour postprandial glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

What potential benefit does Metformin provide for patients who are overweight or obese?

Causes moderate weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an insulin pump?

To provide a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by hyperglycemia that occurs due to the body releasing counterregulatory hormones in the early morning?

Dawn phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin resistance affect glucose production in type 2 diabetes?

It leads to increased hepatic glucose production. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for a person who is experiencing hypoglycemia and remains unresponsive after initial glucagon administration?

Administer glucagon again after 20 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended carbohydrate replacement after a patient experiencing hypoglycemia is aroused?

45 g of carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about drug therapy for diabetes is incorrect?

Oral agents are available for type 1 diabetes management. Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication arises from consistently using the same injection site for insulin administration?

Lipodystrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT considered an ideal candidate for insulin pump therapy?

A person with well-controlled diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What immediate treatment is indicated for local inflammatory reactions to insulin injections?

Administer antihistamines Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is typically available in what concentration for subcutaneous injections?

U100 Signup and view all the answers

What strategy should be used to treat the dawn phenomenon?

Adjust insulin administration time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios could lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Profound deficiency of insulin Signup and view all the answers

What angle is recommended for self-injecting insulin?

45 to 90 degrees Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes Mellitus Characterization

Characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) due to problems with insulin production, insulin action, or both.

Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus

NOT a risk factor: Low body mass index (BMI)
Risk factors include: family history, ethnicity, physical inactivity, obesity, age, and certain medical conditions.

Counterregulatory Hormones and Glucose Metabolism

Counterregulatory hormones like glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol work to increase blood glucose levels.
This action opposes insulin's effects and helps maintain glucose levels during fasting or stress.

Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)

Fasting glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL characterize IFG.

Normal Blood Glucose Range

The normal blood glucose range is between 70 and 100 mg/dL.

Glucagon's Primary Action

Glucagon stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels.

Ketones and Byproducts

Ketones are a byproduct of fat breakdown when the body doesn't have enough glucose for energy.

Higher Risk Ethnicities

Ethnic groups with a higher risk of developing diabetes include African Americans, Hispanic Americans, American Indians, and Asian Americans.

Truth about Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Common Diabetes Symptom

Polyuria (frequent urination) can be a common diabetes symptom.

Obesity and Diabetes Risk

Obesity increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes by promoting insulin resistance.

Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Utilization

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin utilization, meaning the body doesn't respond properly to insulin.

Type 1 Diabetes Finding

Presence of autoantibodies: This indicates an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin.

Diabetic Foot and Amputations

Diabetic foot ulcers are a leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations due to poor circulation and nerve damage.

Gestational Diabetes Outcome

Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes: The risk of type 2 diabetes is heightened in women who have had gestational diabetes.

Cortisol Release Hallmark

Increased blood glucose: Cortisol's release elevates blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis (glucose production) and inhibiting glucose uptake by cells.

A1C Monitoring Importance

Monitoring glucose A1C levels helps assess long-term blood sugar control and identify high-risk patients for complications.

Type 1 Diabetes Management

Insulin therapy: Insulin therapy is essential for managing type 1 diabetes as the body doesn't produce enough insulin.

Slow-Onset Diabetes with Undetected Hyperglycemia

Type 2 diabetes: Often presents gradually with few symptoms and undetected hyperglycemia.

Parathyroid Gland Function

Regulate calcium levels: The parathyroid glands produce hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Condition Least Likely from Diabetes Complications

Hyperthyroidism: While diabetes complications can affect various organs, thyroid function is less directly impacted.

Medication Class for Insulin Secretion

Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells.

Sulfonylurea and Meglitinide Side Effect

Hypoglycemia: Both sulfonylureas and meglitinides can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

Blood Pressure Management in High-Risk Patients

The American Diabetes Association recommends a blood pressure goal of less than 140/90 mmHg for high-risk patients with diabetes.

Symptom NOT Associated with Gastroparesis

Hypoglycemia: Gastroparesis is a delay in stomach emptying, and hypoglycemia is related to low blood sugar levels.

Metformin Action in Diabetes

Reduces glucose production in the liver: Metformin primarily works by lowering the liver’s production of glucose.

Optimal Administration Timing for a-glucosidase Inhibitors

With the first bite of food: a-glucosidase inhibitors like Glyset and Precose should be taken with the first bite of each meal for optimal efficacy.

Ideal Blood Glucose Level for Oral Medications

Between 100 and 150 mg/dL: This range generally indicates a need for medication but not immediate insulin therapy.

Treatment for Hypoglycemia After Blood Glucose Measurement

Administer carbohydrates: Once hypoglycemia is confirmed, a quick-acting carbohydrate source should be given.

Accuracy about Oral Diabetes Agents

May be used in combination with insulin: Oral agents for diabetes can be combined with insulin therapy when needed.

Nursing Consideration for a-glucosidase Inhibitors

Monitor for gastrointestinal side effects: a-glucosidase inhibitors can cause digestive discomfort.

Metformin Potential Benefit in Overweight/Obese Patients

Weight reduction: Metformin can help promote weight loss in patients who are overweight or obese.

Insulin Pump Purpose

Provides continuous insulin delivery: Insulin pumps deliver insulin continuously based on the patient's needs.

Condition Characterized by Early Morning Hyperglycemia

Dawn phenomenon: This condition causes hyperglycemia due to the body releasing counterregulatory hormones in the early morning.

Insulin Resistance and Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance impairs glucose utilization, leading to increased glucose production by the liver in type 2 diabetes.

Action for Unresponsive Hypoglycemia

Administer emergency medical care: Once glucagon is administered and the patient remains unresponsive, immediate medical attention is required.

Carbohydrate Replacement After Hypoglycemia

15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate: This amount is recommended to raise blood sugar levels quickly.

Incorrect Drug Therapy for Diabetes Statement

Metformin is only effective in type 1 diabetes: This is incorrect. Metformin can be effective in both types 1 and 2 diabetes.

Consequence of Consistent Injection Site Use

Lipohypertrophy: This is a buildup of fat under the skin at the injection site, which can impact insulin absorption.

Ideal Candidate for Insulin Pump Therapy

Patients with type 1 diabetes who require frequent insulin adjustments: Insulin pumps are often beneficial for people with type 1 diabetes who need frequent insulin adjustments.

Immediate Treatment for Local Inflammatory Reactions

Cold compresses: Cold compresses help reduce inflammation and discomfort.

Insulin Concentration for Subcutaneous Injections

Typically available in U-100 concentration: Most insulin preparations for subcutaneous injection have a concentration of 100 units per milliliter (U-100).

Strategy to Treat Dawn Phenomenon

Adjust evening insulin dose: Adjusting the evening insulin dose can help prevent early morninig hyperglycemia.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Cause

Missed or inadequate insulin doses: DKA can be triggered by insufficient insulin, often due to missed or inadequate doses.

Recommended Angle for Self-Injecting Insulin

90 degrees: This angle is generally recommended for subcutaneous insulin injections, particularly in the abdomen.

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Description

Test your understanding of Diabetes Mellitus with this quiz. Focus on its primary characteristics and risk factors associated with the condition. Perfect for students studying health and medicine.