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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
What nursing intervention is essential for a patient with DKA?
What nursing intervention is essential for a patient with DKA?
Which of the following represents a macrovascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus?
Which of the following represents a macrovascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus?
What is a common feature of both DKA and HHNS compared to hypoglycemia?
What is a common feature of both DKA and HHNS compared to hypoglycemia?
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Which preventive measure does NOT relate to macrovascular diseases?
Which preventive measure does NOT relate to macrovascular diseases?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus?
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Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
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What is the purpose of rotating insulin injection sites?
What is the purpose of rotating insulin injection sites?
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What is Kussmaul respiration indicative of?
What is Kussmaul respiration indicative of?
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Which of the following actions should be taken for a patient experiencing hypoglycemia?
Which of the following actions should be taken for a patient experiencing hypoglycemia?
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Study Notes
Types of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Four types of DM exist: Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent), Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent), Gestational, and Borderline Diabetes.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Type 1 DM
- Genetic susceptibility
- Autoimmune factors
- Family history of Type 1 DM
- Age (often develops in childhood or adolescence)
Modifiable Risk Factors for Type 2 DM
- Lack of physical activity
- Poor diet
- Excessive weight
- Sedentary lifestyle
Clinical Manifestations of DM
- Polyuria (excessive urination)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
- Weight loss
- Extreme fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Poor wound healing
- Recurrent infections
Insulin Onset of Action
- NPH insulin: 1 to 2 hours
- Humulin R insulin: 30 minutes
Insulin Injection Sites
- Abdomen
- Thigh
- Upper arm
- Buttocks
Insulin Therapy Complications
- Local or systemic allergic reactions
- Insulin lipodystrophy (lipoatrophy or lipohypertrophy)
- Insulin resistance
- Morning hyperglycemia (e.g., dawn phenomenon, Somogyi effect)
Nursing Interventions for Insulin Therapy
- Rotate injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy.
- Monitor blood glucose levels regularly.
- Educate the patient about recognizing signs of hypoglycemia.
- Ensure the patient understands the correct administration technique.
Deep, Rapid Breathing
- Kussmaul respiration
Causes of Hypoglycemia
- Too much insulin or oral agents
- Too little food
- Excessive physical activity
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Clinical Manifestations
- Hyperglycemia
- Dehydration
- Acidosis
- Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid breathing)
Nursing Interventions for DKA
- Monitor fluid and electrolyte status.
- Administer intravenous fluids and insulin as per protocol.
- Monitor vital signs and blood glucose levels frequently.
- Assess urine output to ensure adequate renal function.
Macrovascular Complications of DM
- Coronary artery disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Peripheral arterial disease
Preventive Measures for Macrovascular Diseases
- Control of blood glucose levels
- Diet and exercise to manage obesity and hypertension
- Use of medications to manage hypertension and hyperlipidemia
- Smoking cessation
Microvascular Complications of DM
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Diabetic neuropathy
Hypoglycemia vs. DKA vs. HHNS Comparison
- Onset, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, breath odor, mental status, insulin level, and blood glucose level during these different conditions are detailed.
Discharge Plan for DM Patient
- Diet
- Exercise
- Monitoring blood glucose levels
- Education
- Follow-Up appointments
- Medications
Nursing Care Plan for DM Patient
- Risk for fluid volume deficit related to polyuria and dehydration.
- Imbalanced nutrition related to imbalance of insulin, food, and physical activity.
- Potential for self-care deficit related to physical impairments or social factors.
Interventions for Nursing Diagnoses
- Interventions (specific actions for each nursing diagnosis listed.) are provided in the text.
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Description
Explore the different types of Diabetes Mellitus, including Type 1 and Type 2, and their risk factors. This quiz covers clinical manifestations, insulin therapy, and complications associated with diabetes management. Test your knowledge on this important health topic!
