Diabetes Mellitus Overview

Diabetes Mellitus

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. These defects can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and certain medications. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other specific types. In this article, we will focus on type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetic complications, and management strategies for diabetes.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes, accounts for approximately 5-10% of all diagnosed cases. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels, leading to high blood glucose levels. Symptoms typically present in childhood or adolescence, and they include frequent urination, extreme thirst, constant hunger, rapid weight loss, fatigue, and slow wound healing.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes. It affects more than 90% of people living with diabetes. Unlike type 1 diabetes, where the body fails to produce insulin, type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by insulin resistance, which means the body does not effectively utilize the insulin produced. This leads to a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream, causing high blood glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes often have early signs or no apparent symptoms in the early stages of the disease.

Diabetic Complications

Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to numerous complications, affecting various organs and systems in the body. Common complications include cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy), hearing problems, skin issues, and gum infections.

Diabetes Management

Management of diabetes focuses on controlling blood glucose levels to prevent or delay complications. Treatment options depend on the type of diabetes and individual needs. For type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is necessary to replace the lost insulin. Type 2 diabetes can initially be managed with lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications, exercise, and medication to increase insulin sensitivity. If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, additional medications like sulfonylureas, biguanides, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors may be prescribed.

In conclusion, diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease with various forms and complications. Understanding the key factors involved in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as their associated risks and management strategies, is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of this chronic condition.