Diabetes Mellitus Overview and Epidemiology

<p>In patients over 40 years old. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An immune response that inhibits insulin secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body fails to utilize insulin effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of beta islet cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular and nerve damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient insulin production and extreme hyperglycemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5%–10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe nausea, vomiting, and rapid breathing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children and adolescents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscular strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess weight before pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes it harder for the body to process blood sugar efficiently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is unrelated to maternal health risks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestational diabetes develops due to changes in pregnancy hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications during delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 85% exocrine and 1-2% endocrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GATA6 and ABCC8 (A), KCNJ11 and INS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periodic requirement for insulin therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor insulin receptor sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acromegaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 often presents with insulin resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin may be required intermittently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atypical antipsychotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Native Americans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slower and less marked onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochlorothiazide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% to 95% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It starts in adulthood and progresses slowly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LADA patients often require insulin therapy much sooner than many Type 2 patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LADA progresses less rapidly and may not need immediate insulin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance is the main cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HNF1B mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is generally classified with Type 1 diabetes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 diabetes typically has a rapid onset compared to LADA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels, due to problems with insulin production or use.

A type of diabetes where the body doesn't produce enough insulin.

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

A type of diabetes where the body doesn't use insulin effectively.

Antibodies that target glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is involved in insulin production.

Cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Different ways to categorize diabetes, often based on age, insulin dependency, or other factors.

A medical condition that persists over a long period of time.

Diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting eyes, kidneys, cardiovascular system, and nerves.

Typically presents in children and adolescents, but can occur at any age, often with a faster onset of symptoms.

A severe metabolic complication of diabetes, characterized by extremely low insulin levels, fat breakdown, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis.

Cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Low or absent levels of insulin in the body.

A condition in which the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar.

A non-autoimmune form of diabetes characterized by periods of high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), often seen in people of African and Asian descent.

While idiopathic type 1 DM features high blood sugar, patients require insulin therapy intermittently, not constantly.

Diabetes diagnosed in infants that can be caused by a mutation in various genes, including KCNJ11, ABCC8, INS, GATA6, EIF2AK3, or FOXP3.

Neonatal diabetes can share characteristics with type 2 diabetes, like a slower progression, even though it's diagnosed in infants.

A condition where the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't use it efficiently, leading to high blood sugar.

Giving extra insulin to people with type 2 diabetes who still have an insulin deficiency and need help regulating their blood sugar.

Insulin receptors are like 'doorways' for insulin to work. Type 2 diabetes is often about these doorways becoming resistant and not letting insulin work.

Conditions like pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or pancreatectomy can damage the pancreas causing diabetes.

A slow-progressing type of diabetes that often starts in adulthood and eventually requires insulin therapy. It shares features with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

While both LADA and type 1 diabetes are autoimmune in nature, LADA develops more slowly and may not require insulin at the time of diagnosis. Type 1 diabetes, on the other hand, is usually diagnosed when the body is already producing very little insulin.

LADA is often classified as type 1 diabetes due to its autoimmune origin and eventual need for insulin therapy. However, its slower progression and initial response to oral medications creates a debate around its classification.

Type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by insulin resistance, where the body doesn't use insulin effectively. This leads to high blood sugar levels.

Insulin dependency means the body doesn't produce enough insulin, while insulin resistance means the body doesn't use insulin effectively. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin dependency, while type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance.

MODY, or Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, is a form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations affecting insulin production. GAD antibodies are immune system proteins that attack glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme crucial for insulin production.

Classification helps healthcare providers understand the specific type of diabetes a patient has, which guides treatment plans. Different types of diabetes require different approaches to management.

Diabetes can be classified by age onset (like infantile, adult, elderly), insulin dependency (insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent), and specific types (like type 1, type 2, gestational, LADA).

Diabetes developing during pregnancy, usually caused by hormonal changes that make it harder for the body to process blood sugar.

Diabetes diagnosed before pregnancy, meaning the condition existed prior to conception.

A newborn significantly larger than average, often associated with gestational diabetes.

Elevated blood sugar levels during pregnancy, which can lead to complications like gestational diabetes and fetal macrosomia.

The pancreas has two parts: the exocrine part for digestion, and the endocrine part (islets of Langerhans) which produces insulin, a hormone vital for blood sugar control.

Pregnancy leads to hormonal shifts that increase insulin resistance, making it harder for the body to process blood sugar effectively.

The body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to higher blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

Complications of GDM can include high blood pressure for the mother and increased risk of a large baby (macrosomia) for the fetus.

Type 2 diabetes is often caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diet.

Risk factors include family history, age, race/ethnicity, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and certain medical conditions.

Type 2 diabetes often develops gradually with subtle symptoms like increased thirst and urination, fatigue, frequent infections, blurred vision, slow-healing sores, and numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.

HHS is a serious complication in type 2 diabetes characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels without significant ketone production. It often occurs in older adults and can be triggered by infection, dehydration, or illness.

Certain medications can cause or worsen diabetes by impacting insulin production or sensitivity. Examples include some antipsychotics, beta-blockers, and corticosteroids.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, whereas type 1 is caused by the body's inability to produce insulin. Type 2 often develops gradually, while type 1 usually has a faster onset.