25 Questions
Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
Type 1 DM
What is hyperinsulinemia?
Excessive insulin in the blood
Which of the following is a life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by elevated blood glucose, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Which hormone has an antagonist relationship with insulin, promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release into the blood?
Glucagon
What is the role of incretins and DDP 4 inhibitors in the management of blood glucose?
Increase insulin release and decrease glucagon secretion
What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Type 1 is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 is primarily due to insulin resistance.
What characterizes hyperinsulinemia?
Excess insulin levels in the blood
Which of the following is a life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration leading to altered mental status?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome
How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?
It stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release into the blood
What is the main role of DPP-4 inhibitors in managing blood glucose levels?
They inhibit the breakdown of incretins, prolonging their action to reduce blood glucose levels
Which of the following hormones has an antagonist relationship with insulin, promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release into the blood?
Glucagon
What is the primary difference in characteristics between diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome?
Ketone body production
Which characteristic best describes amylin and its effect related to insulin?
Inhibits insulin secretion
How does type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from type 2 diabetes mellitus in terms of pathophysiology?
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Which of the following characteristics correctly describes the action of incretins and DDP 4 inhibitors?
Stimulate insulin release
What is the primary difference between diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome?
Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by ketosis and metabolic acidosis, while hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome does not produce ketosis.
Which hormone has an antagonist relationship with insulin, promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release into the blood?
Glucagon
How does type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from type 2 diabetes mellitus in terms of pathophysiology?
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Which characteristic best describes incretins and DDP-4 inhibitors' action in managing blood glucose levels?
Incretins stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, while DDP-4 inhibitors prevent incretin degradation.
What characterizes hyperinsulinemia?
Hyperinsulinemia refers to elevated levels of insulin in the blood often seen in insulin resistance conditions.
Which of the following best describes the biosynthesis of insulin?
Synthesized in the pancreas as preproinsulin, then cleaved into proinsulin, and finally into insulin and C-peptide
What is the primary function of amylin in relation to insulin?
Inhibits glucagon release and slows gastric emptying to prevent postprandial spikes in glucose
How does glucagon differ from insulin in its effect on blood glucose levels?
Raises blood glucose levels by triggering glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
What best characterizes the relationship between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)?
Both conditions result from severe insulin deficiency but present with different electrolyte imbalances
What role do incretins play in managing blood glucose levels compared to DDP-4 inhibitors?
Incretins enhance insulin secretion after meals, while DDP-4 inhibitors prevent incretin breakdown to prolong their action
Test your knowledge on diabetes mellitus types, hyperinsulinemia, diabetic complications, insulin characteristics, AEG, amylin effects, and more from Katzung. This quiz covers various aspects related to diabetes and insulin as outlined in the description.
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