Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Discovery

A diagram that shows the locations of restriction enzyme recognition sites on a DNA molecule, and the distances between them, measured in base pairs.

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific sequences called recognition sites.

The specific sequence of DNA that a restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts.

The process of using restriction enzymes to analyze DNA by cutting it into fragments and then separating the fragments by size.

A technique used to separate DNA fragments by size, allowing researchers to visualize and analyze them.

A disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or activity.

Type of diabetes caused by the body's inability to produce insulin.

Type of diabetes caused by either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to use insulin effectively.

A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by helping cells absorb sugar.

A condition where cells become resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

A method that uses a urine dipstick to measure blood sugar levels.

Discovered insulin, revolutionizing diabetes treatment.

Invented a method for easily analyzing blood sugar levels using urine dipstick.

A way to analyze DNA by cutting it into fragments with restriction enzymes.

The process of transferring DNA into a bacterial cell.

DNA fragments created when restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sites.

Bacteria that are able to take up and incorporate foreign DNA.

A DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell.

The process of determining the locations of restriction enzyme recognition sites on a DNA molecule by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced after digestion with different restriction enzymes.

The difference in size between DNA fragments produced when a DNA molecule is digested with two different restriction enzymes.

The size of a DNA fragment, measured in base pairs.

The point on a DNA molecule where a restriction enzyme cuts. It's usually defined by a recognition sequence.

A specific sequence of DNA that is recognized and cut by a particular restriction enzyme.

The process of inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid vector, followed by transferring it into a host cell for expression.

The enzyme that produces the larger number of DNA fragments will have more recognition sites within the DNA sequence.

Restriction enzymes that produce DNA fragments with sticky ends allow for easier ligation (joining) of DNA fragments during gene cloning.

Bacterial cells containing plasmids gain the ability to express proteins encoded by the recombinant DNA inserted into the plasmid.

Antibiotic resistance testing is performed to select for transformed cells that have successfully incorporated the plasmid containing the gene of interest.

A short single-stranded DNA molecule used to find specific nucleotide sequences in a longer DNA strand, like finding a specific keyword in a book.

The process of using a hybridization probe to identify a specific DNA sequence in a larger sample. It's like finding a specific needle in a haystack!

A specific sequence of DNA that a restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts. They are like address markers that guide the restriction enzyme.

The process of using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into smaller fragments. It's like cutting a cake into slices to analyze each piece.

Bacteria that have been treated to make them more receptive to taking up foreign DNA. They are like sponges that can absorb new information.

The process of introducing foreign DNA into bacteria, like inserting a new recipe into a baking cookbook.

A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria, that can carry genes for traits like antibiotic resistance. It's like a mini-chromosome with extra instructions.

The process of growing bacteria in large numbers, like cultivating a field of crops for a specific purpose.