Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the minimum A1c percentage that indicates diabetes?
What is the minimum A1c percentage that indicates diabetes?
- 5.0%
- 8.0%
- 6.5% (correct)
- 7.0%
Which of the following tests is most sensitive and can be used in early diabetes?
Which of the following tests is most sensitive and can be used in early diabetes?
- A1c testing
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT) (correct)
- Antibody testing
- Lipid analysis
What is the recommended A1c goal for reducing risks of complications from diabetes?
What is the recommended A1c goal for reducing risks of complications from diabetes?
- 8.5%
- 7.0% (correct)
- 6.0%
- 5.5%
Which condition may significantly alter A1c results?
Which condition may significantly alter A1c results?
What is indicated by a fasting insulin level test?
What is indicated by a fasting insulin level test?
What does a microalbuminuria level greater than 300 mcg/dL indicate?
What does a microalbuminuria level greater than 300 mcg/dL indicate?
Which marker is associated with elevated levels in patients with diabetes during stress or infection?
Which marker is associated with elevated levels in patients with diabetes during stress or infection?
What reflects poor glycemic control and is often high with elevated glucose levels?
What reflects poor glycemic control and is often high with elevated glucose levels?
What is a common cause of hypoglycemia unawareness in patients with autonomic neuropathies?
What is a common cause of hypoglycemia unawareness in patients with autonomic neuropathies?
Which symptom management is recommended for orthostatic hypotension in patients with autonomic neuropathies?
Which symptom management is recommended for orthostatic hypotension in patients with autonomic neuropathies?
What is the most common type of retinopathy seen in diabetes patients?
What is the most common type of retinopathy seen in diabetes patients?
Which action is suggested for gastroparesis in diabetic patients?
Which action is suggested for gastroparesis in diabetic patients?
What complication is likely to occur if macula is involved in proliferative retinopathy?
What complication is likely to occur if macula is involved in proliferative retinopathy?
What cardiovascular symptom is associated with autonomic neuropathies?
What cardiovascular symptom is associated with autonomic neuropathies?
How many years after diagnosis do nearly all Type 1 diabetes patients show signs of retinopathy?
How many years after diagnosis do nearly all Type 1 diabetes patients show signs of retinopathy?
Which of the following is a treatment for erectile dysfunction in patients with autonomic neuropathies?
Which of the following is a treatment for erectile dysfunction in patients with autonomic neuropathies?
Which gastrointestinal condition is commonly associated with autonomic neuropathies?
Which gastrointestinal condition is commonly associated with autonomic neuropathies?
What is a potential visual symptom reported by patients with proliferative retinopathy?
What is a potential visual symptom reported by patients with proliferative retinopathy?
What is the primary objective of medication therapy in the management of pulmonary embolism?
What is the primary objective of medication therapy in the management of pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE)?
Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE)?
What type of medication does heparin represent in the context of thrombosis management?
What type of medication does heparin represent in the context of thrombosis management?
Which of the following supportive measures is essential in cardiopulmonary support for pulmonary embolism patients?
Which of the following supportive measures is essential in cardiopulmonary support for pulmonary embolism patients?
In an emergency situation where pulmonary embolism is suspected, what action should be taken immediately concerning treatment?
In an emergency situation where pulmonary embolism is suspected, what action should be taken immediately concerning treatment?
What role does patient cooperation play in the management of pulmonary embolism?
What role does patient cooperation play in the management of pulmonary embolism?
Which surgical option is primarily indicated if a patient is experiencing severe complications from a pulmonary embolism?
Which surgical option is primarily indicated if a patient is experiencing severe complications from a pulmonary embolism?
What is one of the key objectives when preventing the growth or multiplication of clots?
What is one of the key objectives when preventing the growth or multiplication of clots?
What is a common cognitive difficulty experienced by individuals with MS?
What is a common cognitive difficulty experienced by individuals with MS?
Which diagnostic test can help visualize plaques and atrophy in multiple sclerosis?
Which diagnostic test can help visualize plaques and atrophy in multiple sclerosis?
What is the primary goal of interprofessional care for patients with multiple sclerosis?
What is the primary goal of interprofessional care for patients with multiple sclerosis?
Which medication is often used to manage acute exacerbations of MS by reducing edema and inflammation?
Which medication is often used to manage acute exacerbations of MS by reducing edema and inflammation?
What is a typical characteristic of multiple sclerosis at its early onset?
What is a typical characteristic of multiple sclerosis at its early onset?
What characterizes the long-term cognitive function of individuals with MS?
What characterizes the long-term cognitive function of individuals with MS?
Which type of therapy is recommended for managing fatigue in MS patients?
Which type of therapy is recommended for managing fatigue in MS patients?
What kind of pain management medication is commonly used for MS-related discomfort?
What kind of pain management medication is commonly used for MS-related discomfort?
What is a potential complication that can lead to death in individuals with MS?
What is a potential complication that can lead to death in individuals with MS?
Which of the following describes how multiple sclerosis affects nerve fibers?
Which of the following describes how multiple sclerosis affects nerve fibers?
What is the role of immunomodulator medications in MS treatment?
What is the role of immunomodulator medications in MS treatment?
When monitoring a patient with only one lesion or clinical attack of MS, what should the interprofessional team do?
When monitoring a patient with only one lesion or clinical attack of MS, what should the interprofessional team do?
Which of the following is a surgical intervention for treating multiple sclerosis symptoms?
Which of the following is a surgical intervention for treating multiple sclerosis symptoms?
Which dietary approach is mentioned as beneficial for individuals with MS?
Which dietary approach is mentioned as beneficial for individuals with MS?
What is the hallmark of hypertension related to systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the hallmark of hypertension related to systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the role of insulin resistance in hypertension?
What is the role of insulin resistance in hypertension?
How does stress affect blood pressure control?
How does stress affect blood pressure control?
Which factors contribute to increased cardiac output in hypertension?
Which factors contribute to increased cardiac output in hypertension?
What role does sodium and water retention have in blood pressure?
What role does sodium and water retention have in blood pressure?
What is a common complication of hypertension related to the heart?
What is a common complication of hypertension related to the heart?
Which statement about endothelial cell dysfunction is correct?
Which statement about endothelial cell dysfunction is correct?
What percentage of blood pressure variability is attributed to genetic factors?
What percentage of blood pressure variability is attributed to genetic factors?
What is one common form of abuse that men are more likely to perpetrate?
What is one common form of abuse that men are more likely to perpetrate?
What type of neglect involves the failure to provide essential needs to a vulnerable elder?
What type of neglect involves the failure to provide essential needs to a vulnerable elder?
Which of the following situations may indicate self-neglect?
Which of the following situations may indicate self-neglect?
Which type of elder abuse is characterized by the desertion of a vulnerable elder?
Which type of elder abuse is characterized by the desertion of a vulnerable elder?
What factors contribute to poor interpersonal relations among the elderly?
What factors contribute to poor interpersonal relations among the elderly?
Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with self-neglect in the elderly?
Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with self-neglect in the elderly?
What type of neglect occurs when both individuals in an older married couple neglect each other?
What type of neglect occurs when both individuals in an older married couple neglect each other?
Which of the following is a psychological risk associated with self-neglect?
Which of the following is a psychological risk associated with self-neglect?
Flashcards
Autonomic neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy
A nerve disorder that affects the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.
Hypoglycemia unawareness
Hypoglycemia unawareness
A serious complication of autonomic neuropathy where the body doesn't recognize or respond to low blood sugar levels, leading to potentially dangerous consequences like seizures and loss of consciousness.
Orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
A condition where blood pressure drops significantly when standing up, potentially leading to dizziness and fainting.
Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis
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Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy
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Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
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Treatment of diabetic retinopathy
Treatment of diabetic retinopathy
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Podiatrists
Podiatrists
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Compression socks
Compression socks
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) prevention: Objective 1
Pulmonary embolism (PE) prevention: Objective 1
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) prevention: Objective 2
Pulmonary embolism (PE) prevention: Objective 2
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) prevention: Objective 3
Pulmonary embolism (PE) prevention: Objective 3
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Preventing Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
Preventing Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
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Sequential Compression Devices
Sequential Compression Devices
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Fibrinolytic Medications
Fibrinolytic Medications
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Heparin
Heparin
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Surgical therapy for PE
Surgical therapy for PE
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Fasting blood sugar
Fasting blood sugar
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Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
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A1c (glycosylated hemoglobin)
A1c (glycosylated hemoglobin)
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Antibody testing for type 1 diabetes
Antibody testing for type 1 diabetes
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C-peptide test
C-peptide test
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Lipid analysis
Lipid analysis
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Renal function test (albuminuria)
Renal function test (albuminuria)
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C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein
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What is Multiple Sclerosis?
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
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What are plaques in MS?
What are plaques in MS?
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What causes MS?
What causes MS?
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What are the symptoms of MS?
What are the symptoms of MS?
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What is the treatment for MS?
What is the treatment for MS?
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How does MS typically present?
How does MS typically present?
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What is the course of MS like?
What is the course of MS like?
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What is the goal of MS treatment?
What is the goal of MS treatment?
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What are Immunomodulatory Medications for MS?
What are Immunomodulatory Medications for MS?
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What are Immunosuppressive Medications for MS?
What are Immunosuppressive Medications for MS?
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What is symptom management for MS?
What is symptom management for MS?
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What is the role of physical therapy in MS?
What is the role of physical therapy in MS?
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What is the role of occupational therapy in MS?
What is the role of occupational therapy in MS?
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What is the role of speech therapy in MS?
What is the role of speech therapy in MS?
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What is cognitive rehabilitation for MS?
What is cognitive rehabilitation for MS?
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Hypertensive Heart Disease
Hypertensive Heart Disease
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
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Heart Failure
Heart Failure
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Cerebrovascular Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
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Polygenetic Inheritance of Hypertension
Polygenetic Inheritance of Hypertension
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
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Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
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Elder Neglect
Elder Neglect
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Elder Abandonment
Elder Abandonment
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Elder Exploitation
Elder Exploitation
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Psychological Elder Abuse
Psychological Elder Abuse
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Physical Elder Abuse
Physical Elder Abuse
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Self-Neglect
Self-Neglect
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Mutual Neglect
Mutual Neglect
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Invisibility of Elder Abuse
Invisibility of Elder Abuse
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Study Notes
Mobility/Functional Ability in Parkinson's and MS
- Functional Ability Definition: The ability to perform typical daily tasks, fulfill roles in family/work/community, and maintain well-being. Includes cognitive, social, physical, and emotional abilities.
- Functional Ability Scope: Varies significantly between individuals and even within the same individual over time. Considers lifespan where developmental milestones are important and environmental/lifestyle changes impact ability.
- Attributes and Criteria: Functional ability has two dimensions: attributes (defining characteristics) and antecedents (requirements before functional ability exists). Antecedents include capacity, actual or required performance, physiological processes, developmental milestones, and skills influenced by social, environmental, and cultural factors.
- Context to Nursing and Health Care: Three major dimensions of concern are risk recognition, resource utilization (support), and health outcomes. Early identification of factors affecting function is crucial.
- Risk Recognition: Identifying factors impacting functional ability is essential for early resource allocation and better health outcomes. Early identification of deficits improves outcomes. Forms of risk include developmental delays, comorbidities, stressors, etc.
Functional Assessment
- Functional Assessment Methods:
- Self-Reports: Patients' perceptions of their function are valuable but may be inaccurate due to personal biases, preferences, and how the environment affects their perception.
- Performance-Based Assessments: Actual observation of a standardized task provides an objective measurement of functional ability, although it can be affected by personal characteristics and environmental factors influencing interpretation. Use of tools relevant to the age and situation of the individual.
Planning and Delivery of Individualized Care for Functional Ability
- Care Delivery: Individualized care must be provided based on the exact needs of the individual for proper support for independence.
- Alterations: Abilities can change due to primary or secondary issues. Primary issues involve impairments from the onset, while secondary problems involve loss of function as a result of other factors.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
- Parkinson's Disease:Â A neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain.
- Symptoms: Gradual onset, including tremors (most often at rest), rigidity (resistance to passive movement), akinesia (difficulty initiating movement), and postural instability (risk of falls).
- Risk Factors: Well water exposure, pesticides, herbicides, certain industrial chemicals, and a potential genetic component are factors linked, although exact cause is unknown.
- Additional Symptoms: Other symptoms include depression, anxiety, memory problems, sleep disturbances, pain, and constipation
Medical Nursing Management
- Medical Therapies:
- Correcting Imbalance: Meds focus on correcting the imbalance of acetylcholine and dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS).
- Dopamine Precursor: Levodopa/carbidopa helps in increasing dopamine and prevents breakdown in peripheral tissues.
- Other treatments: Other medications include Pramipexole (Mirapex), Rotigotine (transdermal patch), and anticholinergics to decrease acetylcholine activity.
- Surgical Therapy:
- Ablation: Stereotactic destruction of specific brain areas like thalamus (thalamotomy), globus pallidus (pallidotomy), and subthalamic nucleus (subthalamic nucleotomy) are used. DBS is a replacement for some ablative surgeries.
Multiple Sclerosis
- Pathology: A chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Signs and symptoms involve the demylination of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
- Symptoms: Include motor, sensory, and bowel/bladder impairments. Initially, symptoms are often subtle in nature and include numbness and tingling in an extremity.
- Causes: Although the exact cause is unknown, genetic susceptibility, infection, or environmental exposure appear to play a role in the development of MS.
Tissue Integrity
- Assessment: Includes wound measurement, tissue evaluation, location, exudate, temperature, infection, and periwound skin characteristics.
- Actions to Prevent Infection: Includes proper healing procedures as well as promoting proper nutrition, hydration and other supporting measures.Â
Sensory Perception
- Glaucoma: An eye condition causing elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), damaging the optic nerve and leading to vision loss.Â
- Types of Glaucoma: Primary open-angle glaucoma (most common), primary angle-closure glaucoma.
- Diabetic Neuropathy: Nerve damage associated with diabetes, affecting various organs and body functions. Symptoms may affect vision, autonomic functioning, sensory functions, and motor skills.
- Peripheral Neuropathy: A condition causing damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It may manifest as numbness, tingling, and pain, usually in the hands and feet.
Hormonal Regulation: Hypothyroidism
- Definition and Description: The process responsible for maintaining proper hormone levels in the body.
- Patho, Clinical manifestations, and Medical Management: The mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments for hypothyroidism are covered.Â
Technology and Adherence
- Benefits of Technology in Home Settings: The advantages of utilizing technologies for home monitoring or other healthcare-related tasks.
- Challenges of Maintaining Adherence:Â Factors that may affect adherence to treatment regimens, including medications, or other care.Â
Perfusion
- Normal Peripheral Blood Flow:Â The physiology of maintaining proper blood flow, including coagulation and factors that impact blood flow.
- Venous Thromboembolism: Disruption of the flow and clotting resulting from blood clots in the deep veins, leading to potential pulmonary embolism complications.Â
- Peripheral Vascular Disease:Â Conditions causing problems with circulation in the blood vessels outside the heart and brain, including atherosclerosis, inflammation, and injury complications.
Pain Management
- Perception of Culture: Discuss the impact of an individual's cultural beliefs on their perception of pain.
- Management: Includes various types of pain management techniques, including those related to physical modalities, psychological help, and medications.
- Types of Pain:Â Categories of pain based on mechanisms, such as nociceptive and neuropathic pain.
Healthcare Law & Interpersonal Violence
- Health Care Laws & Privacy: The importance of HIPAA and the need for appropriate reporting and the role of nurses in relation to laws related to healthcare and privacy.
- Protection for Persons in Care Act: Focuses on defining types of elder abuse, factors/risk factors, and the duty to report.
- Elder Abuse: The concept includes different forms of abuse, psychological/emotional, physical, financial, and sexual abuse, and neglect. This section discusses the associated risk factors and prevention strategies.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge on critical aspects of diabetes management, including A1c levels, tests, and complications associated with diabetes. Examine your understanding of various indicators and treatment recommendations for effective diabetes care.
