40 Questions
What is the role of glucagon when blood glucose concentration decreases?
It functions in the opposite direction to increase glucose concentration
In instances of starvation or excessive glucose utilization, which mechanism becomes valuable?
Glucagon mechanism
What happens in severe hypoglycemia due to the direct effect of low blood glucose on the hypothalamus?
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
How do growth hormone and cortisol contribute to blood glucose regulation in response to prolonged hypoglycemia?
They convert glucose to fat for utilization
Which mechanism is more important under most normal conditions for regulating blood glucose concentration?
Insulin feedback mechanism
What symptoms are likely to occur when blood glucose levels fall to 20 to 50 mg/100 ml?
Clonic seizures and loss of consciousness
How does the central nervous system typically respond when blood glucose levels fall within the range of 50 to 70 mg/100 ml?
Patient experiences extreme nervousness
What is a likely outcome when blood glucose levels drop below 20 mg/100 ml?
Onset of clonic seizures
Which hormone is targeted by triagonists to treat diabetes?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
What is a common difficulty in distinguishing while using simple clinical observation during severe hypoglycemia?
Determining the state of coma
What is the liver's role in maintaining blood glucose levels?
Storing glucose as glycogen in the liver
How does the liver contribute to reducing fluctuations in blood glucose concentration?
By rapidly storing absorbed glucose as glycogen
Which hormone is responsible for storing glucose as glycogen in the liver?
Insulin
How do insulin and glucagon act as feedback control systems for blood glucose regulation?
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels, while glucagon increases blood glucose levels.
Why is it challenging to maintain a narrow range of blood glucose concentration in patients with severe liver disease?
As a result of impaired gluconeogenesis function of the liver
What is the most potent factor that controls glucagon secretion?
Blood glucose concentration
How does a decrease in blood glucose concentration affect glucagon secretion?
Increases glucagon secretion
What effect does hypoglycemia have on plasma glucagon concentration?
Increases it
How does increasing blood glucose to hyperglycemic levels affect plasma glucagon concentration?
Decreases it
What stimulates the secretion of glucagon besides blood glucose concentration?
Elevated blood amino acids
What is the fasting blood glucose concentration considered to be the upper limit of normal?
115 mg/100 ml
In persons with type 1 diabetes, what are plasma insulin levels like during fasting and after a meal?
Very low or undetectable during fasting and even after a meal
What happens when blood glucose levels are elevated for prolonged periods of time?
Glucose attaches to proteins forming glycated hemoglobin
In persons with type 2 diabetes, what happens when insulin resistance becomes severe?
Increased utilization of fats for energy leads to production of keto acids
How does a person's excretion of glucose differ between a nondiabetic person and a person with diabetes?
A nondiabetic person excretes undetectable amounts of glucose, whereas a person with diabetes loses glucose in small to large amounts based on disease severity and carbohydrate intake
What is the main purpose of measuring HbA1c in red blood cells?
To assess the average blood glucose concentration for the previous 3 months
How does hyperglycemia affect hemoglobin in red blood cells?
It causes hemoglobin to bind to glucose forming glycated hemoglobin
What does a glucose tolerance curve demonstrate in a person with diabetes?
Elevated fasting blood glucose concentration
Why is a glucose tolerance test important in diagnosing diabetes mellitus?
To detect abnormal response to ingested glucose
How does the HbA1c test provide information about glycemic control in people with diabetes?
By reflecting the average blood glucose concentrations for the previous three months
What is the main reason for maintaining a constant blood glucose concentration according to the text?
To supply the brain, retina, and germinal epithelium with their required energy.
Why is it important for the pancreas not to secrete insulin during the interdigestive period?
To ensure glucose is available for metabolism in the brain.
What is a potential consequence of excessively high blood glucose concentration mentioned in the text?
Loss of glucose in the urine.
How does an excessively high level of blood glucose concentration contribute to osmotic diuresis?
By causing loss of glucose in the urine.
What happens if insulin is secreted during the interdigestive period according to the text?
Glucose being directed to peripheral tissues.
Why does maintaining a sufficient blood glucose concentration matter for the brain, retina, and germinal epithelium?
Because they require glucose optimally for energy.
Which complication can arise from an excessively high blood glucose concentration?
Increased loss of fluids and electrolytes.
Why is it important that blood glucose concentration does not rise too high according to the text?
To avoid loss of glucose in the urine.
What is a consequence of an excessively high level of blood glucose concentration highlighted in the text?
Glucose excretion in urine.
What is one potential issue if the pancreas secretes insulin during the interdigestive period?
Increased glucose supply to peripheral tissues.
Test your knowledge on the relationship between diabetes and hemoglobin A1c, a marker of glucose levels over time in red blood cells. Learn how hyperglycemia affects the formation of glycated hemoglobin and its implications for diabetes management.
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