Diabetes Insipidus Nursing Management
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of adult body weight does water account for?

  • 70% to 80%
  • 20% to 30%
  • 50% to 60% (correct)
  • 40% to 50%

    • Which fluid compartment has a higher percentage of water in lean body mass?

  • Intracellular fluid (correct)
  • Intravascular fluid
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Extracellular fluid

    • What suppresses the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

  • Water excess (correct)
  • Decreased plasma osmolality
  • Increased atrial pressure
  • Fluid deficit

    • Which hormone causes sodium and water retention?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of natriuretic peptides released by the heart?

    <p>Suppress secretion of aldosterone, renin, and ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate electrolytes?

    <p>Decreases urine excretion of phosphorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for potassium levels in the serum?

    <p>3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sodium in the body?

    <p>Generating and transmitting nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypernatremia?

    <p>Excessive water intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with manifestations like headache, irritability, and difficulty concentrating?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrolyte imbalance that may lead to cellular dehydration?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low albumin levels contribute to fluid imbalance?

    <p>Enhances fluid leakage from vessels into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Parathyroid Hormone?

    <p>Increases serum calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is a common sign of hypocalcemia?

    <p>Muscle cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential harm of hypocalcemia?

    <p>Respiratory arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte acts as a sedative on muscles?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of magnesium contained in the body?

    <p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Respiratory and cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most likely to be seen as hypermagnesemia worsens?

    <p>Respiratory arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial symptom of hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is recommended for hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Administer loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Muscle cramps, tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition has an inverse relationship with phosphorus?

    <p>Calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential harm of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Calcified deposits in soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of phosphorus in the body?

    <p>Promotes function of muscle, RBCs, and nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible intervention for hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Restrict intake of hard cheeses, cream, nuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Use of phosphate-binding antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by manifestations such as confusion, vomiting, seizures, and coma?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major intracellular cation that plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiac rhythms and resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle cells?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated in the management of hyperkalemia to force potassium from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid?

    <p>patiromer (Veltessa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of calcium in the body?

    <p>Dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by manifestations such as fatigue, confusion, muscle cramps, and life-threatening arrhythmias?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is considered the gold standard in the management of hypercalcemia?

    <p>Bisphosphonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte has an inverse relationship with sodium and is essential for nerve impulse transmission and blood clotting?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance may lead to manifestations such as laryngeal stridor, dysrhythmias, and numbness/tingling around the mouth or extremities?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Composition

    • Water accounts for approximately 55-60% of an adult's body weight.

    Fluid Compartments

    • The intracellular fluid compartment has a higher percentage of water in lean body mass.

    Hormones and Electrolytes

    • Osmolality suppresses the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    • Aldosterone causes sodium and water retention.
    • Natriuretic peptides released by the heart promote sodium excretion and reduce blood volume.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates electrolytes by increasing calcium levels and reducing phosphate levels.

    Potassium

    • The normal range for potassium levels in the serum is 3.5-5.5 mEq/L.
    • The primary role of sodium in the body is to regulate fluid balance and blood pressure.
    • A common cause of hypernatremia is dehydration.
    • Hypernatremia can cause headache, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

    Calcium

    • The main function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is to regulate calcium levels.
    • A common sign of hypocalcemia is muscle cramps.
    • A potential harm of hypocalcemia is tetany or seizures.

    Magnesium

    • The majority of magnesium is contained in bones.
    • A common sign of hypermagnesemia is respiratory depression.
    • The initial symptom of hypermagnesemia is often weakness or fatigue.
    • The recommended intervention for hypermagnesemia is calcium gluconate administration.
    • A common manifestation of hypomagnesemia is muscle cramps.

    Phosphorus

    • Phosphorus has an inverse relationship with calcium levels.
    • A potential harm of hyperphosphatemia is soft tissue calcification.
    • A key function of phosphorus in the body is energy production.
    • A possible intervention for hyperphosphatemia is phosphate binders.
    • A common cause of hypophosphatemia is malnutrition.

    Potassium

    • The major intracellular cation that plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiac rhythms and resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle cells is potassium.
    • Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is indicated in the management of hyperkalemia to force potassium from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid.

    Calcium

    • The primary source of calcium in the body is diet.
    • A condition characterized by manifestations such as fatigue, confusion, muscle cramps, and life-threatening arrhythmias is hypocalcemia.
    • The gold standard medication in the management of hypercalcemia is bisphosphonates.

    Magnesium

    • Magnesium has an inverse relationship with sodium and is essential for nerve impulse transmission and blood clotting.
    • Magnesium imbalance may lead to manifestations such as laryngeal stridor, dysrhythmias, and numbness/tingling around the mouth or extremities.

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    Description

    Learn about the nursing and interprofessional management strategies for diabetes insipidus, including fluid restriction, loop diuretics, demeclocycline, IV hypertonic saline solution, fluid replacement, and drugs that block vasopressin (ADH). Understand how to differentiate treatments based on the cause of the condition.

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