Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Types and Causes

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What is the origin of Oxytocin?

Created in the kidney

Synthesized in the posterior pituitary

Produced in Paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus (correct)

Derived from the adrenal glands

Which defect causes Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

Lesion of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract above the median eminence

Autosomal mutation of V2 receptors gene in the kidney (correct)

X-linked mutation of aquaporin2 gene

Lesion in the supraoptic nucleus

Why do patients with Diabetes Insipidus experience polyuria?

Increased blood glucose levels

Excessive water loss with no increase in other constituents (correct)

Decreased water intake

Excessive sodium loss in urine

What mechanism of action does Oxytocin have?

Binds to receptors coupled to a G Protein enzyme and induces an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ for muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What causes Central Diabetes Insipidus?

Lesion in the supraoptic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Why do patients with Diabetes Insipidus develop polydipsia?

To prevent dehydration due to excessive polyuria Signup and view all the answers

Which protein carries 2/3 of T4 and 1/2 of T3 in the blood?

Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) Signup and view all the answers

Why is T3 more active than T4?

It has a higher affinity to thyroid receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thyroid receptor does T3 specifically bind to?

α 1, α 2, and β 2 Signup and view all the answers

Where are extranuclear thyroid receptors found?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a non-genomic action mediated by extranuclear receptors?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of Thyroid Hormones on metabolism?

Stimulation of metabolic rate Signup and view all the answers

What effect do excessive thyroid hormones have on mitochondria?

Mitochondrial swelling and increased uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

How do thyroid hormones affect Na/K ATPase enzyme activity in cell membranes?

Increased enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

What effect do thyroid hormones have on protein metabolism?

Increased protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

How do thyroid hormones affect fat metabolism?

Increase lipolysis and free fatty acid oxidation Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT affected by thyroid hormones?

Cholesterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased activity of Na/K ATPase enzyme due to thyroid hormones?

Increased energy consumption Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the osteoblasts production of IL-6 and RANKL?

PTH Signup and view all the answers

Which cells have no receptors for PTH?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What does PTH do to phosphate reabsorption in the renal proximal convoluted tubules?

Decreases it Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 (dihydroxycholecalciferol) in the kidneys?

Activates enzyme production Signup and view all the answers

What effect does PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 have on calcium reabsorption in the distal part of renal tubules?

Increases it Signup and view all the answers

What effect do PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 have on calcium and phosphate absorption by the intestine?

Increase both Signup and view all the answers

How is calcium primarily absorbed in the upper small intestine?

Passive diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the solubility of calcium salts in the gastrointestinal tract?

Acidic food products Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin D3 in calcium absorption?

Stimulates calcium absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which compound plays a crucial role in cell phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the concentration of cations and anions in a solution exceeds the solubility product?

Precipitation of the salt occurs Signup and view all the answers