Diabetes Drugs: PHAC4040 Notes

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which insulin stimulates glucose transport across the cell membrane?

What is the most accurate description of how insulin influences glucokinase activity and its role in glucose metabolism?

In type 1 diabetes, which immunological process directly contributes to the disease's pathophysiology?

What is the most important way that insulin resistance contributes to the development of metabolic derangements in type 2 diabetes?

An individual is diagnosed with diabetes following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). According to diagnostic criteria, which 2-hour plasma glucose level would confirm the diagnosis?

What is the primary rationale for modifying regular insulin with zinc or protamine to produce longer-acting insulin preparations?

How does insulin lispro differ from regular human insulin in terms of its pharmacokinetic properties and clinical relevance?

How does insulin glargine's formulation contribute to its long duration of action, and how does this affect its clinical use?

A 1 unit insulin is defined as lowering blood glucose of a 2 kg (4.4 lb) rabbit (fasting for 24 hr) to 2.5 mmol/l (45 mg/dl) within how long?

What is the most significant limitation of using inhaled insulin formulations, such as Afrezza, compared to subcutaneous injections?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells?

In what critical way does repaglinide differ from sulfonylureas in terms of its mechanism and clinical application?

What is the primary mechanism through which metformin exerts its antihyperglycemic effects?

How does metformin's action on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) contribute to its therapeutic effects in type 2 diabetes?

The efficacy of thiazolidinediones (glitazones) in treating type 2 diabetes primarily relies on which of the following mechanisms?

How do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose, lower postprandial blood glucose levels?

What is the primary mechanism by which GLP-1 receptor agonists, like exenatide and liraglutide, improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes?

How do DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and saxagliptin, exert their antihyperglycemic effects?

What is the mechanism by which SGLT-2 inhibitors, such as canagliflozin, lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?

What is the most important consideration regarding the use of sulfonylureas in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes?

What best describes the innovative strategy used by Tirzepatide to improve the treatment of Diabetes?

A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed NPH insulin. What critical counseling point should the healthcare provider emphasize regarding its administration?

What is the significance of administering a long-acting insulin analog, such as insulin glargine, to diabetic patients in terms of overall glycemic management?

How does 'secondary failure' with sulfonylureas manifest clinically, and what is the underlying mechanism?

What is the reason Glitazones should be avoided by patients with hepatic impairment?

What is the most concerning potential adverse effect associated with acarbose, and how can it be mitigated?

What is the fundamental advantage of using GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide) over sulfonylureas in managing type 2 diabetes?

In treating type 2 diabetes, what should be considered with DPP-4, GLP-1 in terms of pancreatic activity?

How does the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors, such as canagliflozin, contribute to their cardiovascular benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes?

A patient with type 2 diabetes and a history of heart failure is considering starting canagliflozin. What crucial consideration should guide this treatment choice?

Which oral anti-diabetic is contraindicated with Clopidogrel, and why?

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about HbA1c and its use in diabetes management?

According to general guidelines, when initiating oral hypoglycemic therapy in an elderly patient with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, what is the most important consideration?

A doctor is speaking to a patient about goals of therapy. To delay or prevent morbidity and mortality from long term complications, what method should be used?

What can be one of the effects from insulin deficency?

In pediatric cases, is it more important to have better control over normal glucose levels?

According to normal treatment of type 2 diabetes, what are second line drugs?

In a patient experiencing the classic symptoms of diabetes, such as polyuria and polydipsia, what is the underlying mechanism causing these symptoms?

How does the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes fundamentally differ from that of type 2 diabetes?

Considering the complexity of glucose metabolism, what is the most critical role of insulin at the cellular level that directly contributes to overall glucose homeostasis?

In the context of diabetes diagnosis, what is the key distinction between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)?

Given the various risk factors for type 2 diabetes, which of the following scenarios represents the most complex interplay of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors that significantly increases the likelihood of developing the disease?

What is the underlying reason for the increased mortality rate in pediatric patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes compared to those with type 1 diabetes?

Considering the complexity of insulin receptor signaling, what immediate effect would the inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity have on glucose metabolism?

What is the most critical consideration when switching a patient with well-controlled type 2 diabetes from multiple daily insulin injections to an insulin pump?

In a patient with type 2 diabetes who has been taking metformin for several years, what change in clinical presentation would indicate the need to re-evaluate the treatment strategy beyond simply increasing the metformin dosage?

What is the primary advantage of using inhaled insulin, such as Afrezza, over subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogs in managing postprandial glucose excursions?

Considering the various mechanisms of action of oral hypoglycemic agents, what is the key advantage of using a thiazolidinedione (TZD) like pioglitazone in a patient with type 2 diabetes compared to a sulfonylurea?

What is the most concerning long-term consequence of initiating acarbose treatment in a patient with frequent episodes of unexplained abdominal discomfort?

In the management of type 2 diabetes, what is the key rationale for combining a GLP-1 receptor agonist, such as exenatide, with metformin?

Given the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors, what is the most concerning adverse effect that can lead to severe complications?

When prescribing sulfonylureas to elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, what is the most vital consideration to minimize adverse outcomes?

How does Tirzepatide's mechanism of action improve glycemic control and potentially offer benefits beyond those seen with GLP-1 receptor agonists alone?

What is the most critical teaching point to emphasize when initiating NPH insulin in a patient?

What is the primary rationale for administering long-acting insulin analogs, such as insulin glargine, to diabetic patients?

What are the negative effects if patients are insulin deficient?

What is the primary rationale for prioritizing tight glycemic control, particularly in pediatric patients with diabetes?

What is a reason you should avoid Glitazones?

What is the total level HbA1c (%) that is considered in a patient who has diabetes?

When talking to a patient, what should you tell them is a goal to delay or prevent morbidity and mortality from long term complications?

If A1C goal is not met after 3 months in a patient, what should be done?