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Questions and Answers
A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed insulin to manage their blood glucose levels during meals. Which type of insulin would be most appropriate for this purpose, considering its rapid onset of action?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed insulin to manage their blood glucose levels during meals. Which type of insulin would be most appropriate for this purpose, considering its rapid onset of action?
- Insulin lispro (correct)
- NPH insulin
- Regular insulin
- Insulin glargine
A patient requires a long-acting insulin to provide basal coverage throughout the day. Which of the following insulin types would be most suitable to meet this need?
A patient requires a long-acting insulin to provide basal coverage throughout the day. Which of the following insulin types would be most suitable to meet this need?
- Insulin aspart
- NPH insulin
- Insulin detemir (correct)
- Regular insulin
A patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is prescribed Metformin. What primary mechanism of action contributes to Metformin's ability to lower blood glucose levels?
A patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is prescribed Metformin. What primary mechanism of action contributes to Metformin's ability to lower blood glucose levels?
- Increasing insulin release from the pancreas
- Inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis (correct)
- Enhancing the effects of incretin hormones
- Slowing the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine
A patient taking Metformin is scheduled for a CT scan with contrast. Which potential adverse effect should the healthcare provider be most concerned about when administering contrast to this patient?
A patient taking Metformin is scheduled for a CT scan with contrast. Which potential adverse effect should the healthcare provider be most concerned about when administering contrast to this patient?
A patient experiences hypoglycemia while taking a sulfonylurea medication. What mechanism of action underlies this adverse effect?
A patient experiences hypoglycemia while taking a sulfonylurea medication. What mechanism of action underlies this adverse effect?
Which of the following insulin types has a duration of action that lasts approximately 4 to 6 hours?
Which of the following insulin types has a duration of action that lasts approximately 4 to 6 hours?
A patient taking a medication ending in 'ide' is counseled about a potential disulfiram reaction. Which class of anti-diabetic drugs is most likely being used by this patient?
A patient taking a medication ending in 'ide' is counseled about a potential disulfiram reaction. Which class of anti-diabetic drugs is most likely being used by this patient?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication that works by depolarizing the potassium channel in pancreatic cells. Which drug class does this medication belong to?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication that works by depolarizing the potassium channel in pancreatic cells. Which drug class does this medication belong to?
A patient with renal insufficiency is prescribed an oral anti-hyperglycemic medication. Which of the following medications should be used with caution or avoided due to the increased risk of lactic acidosis?
A patient with renal insufficiency is prescribed an oral anti-hyperglycemic medication. Which of the following medications should be used with caution or avoided due to the increased risk of lactic acidosis?
Which class of medications shares a similar mechanism of action to sulfonylureas but binds to a different site to cause insulin release?
Which class of medications shares a similar mechanism of action to sulfonylureas but binds to a different site to cause insulin release?
A patient taking a medication ending in '-gliptin' is likely undergoing treatment that directly impacts which enzyme?
A patient taking a medication ending in '-gliptin' is likely undergoing treatment that directly impacts which enzyme?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of medications ending in '-flozin'?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of medications ending in '-flozin'?
A patient reports increased gas and bloating after starting a new medication for diabetes. Which class of drugs is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
A patient reports increased gas and bloating after starting a new medication for diabetes. Which class of drugs is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
Pramlintide is classified as an amylin analog and is often used in conjunction with insulin. What is its primary mechanism of action in managing blood glucose levels?
Pramlintide is classified as an amylin analog and is often used in conjunction with insulin. What is its primary mechanism of action in managing blood glucose levels?
Which of the following adverse effects is most closely associated with the use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?
Which of the following adverse effects is most closely associated with the use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?
A new antidiabetic drug is developed that functions by potentiating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Which of the following suffixes would most likely be part of the drug's name?
A new antidiabetic drug is developed that functions by potentiating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Which of the following suffixes would most likely be part of the drug's name?
Which of the following best explains how DPP-4 inhibitors lower glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following best explains how DPP-4 inhibitors lower glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?
A patient taking canagliflozin should be monitored for which of the following potential adverse effects?
A patient taking canagliflozin should be monitored for which of the following potential adverse effects?
Which drug class prevents the breakdown of oligosaccharides into absorbable glucose?
Which drug class prevents the breakdown of oligosaccharides into absorbable glucose?
A patient on antidiabetic medication develops a urinary tract infection. Which class of drugs could be the most likely cause?
A patient on antidiabetic medication develops a urinary tract infection. Which class of drugs could be the most likely cause?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires a rapid-acting insulin to manage post-meal glucose spikes. Considering the pharmacokinetic properties, which of the following insulin analogs would be most appropriate?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires a rapid-acting insulin to manage post-meal glucose spikes. Considering the pharmacokinetic properties, which of the following insulin analogs would be most appropriate?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin as part of their diabetes management. Approximately how long does NPH insulin typically last?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin as part of their diabetes management. Approximately how long does NPH insulin typically last?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is the primary mechanism by which metformin lowers blood glucose?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is the primary mechanism by which metformin lowers blood glucose?
A patient taking metformin is scheduled to undergo a procedure requiring contrast dye. What potential adverse effect associated with metformin use is of greatest concern in this scenario?
A patient taking metformin is scheduled to undergo a procedure requiring contrast dye. What potential adverse effect associated with metformin use is of greatest concern in this scenario?
A patient on glyburide reports experiencing frequent episodes of lightheadedness, shakiness, and sweating. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient on glyburide reports experiencing frequent episodes of lightheadedness, shakiness, and sweating. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient is prescribed glimepiride for type 2 diabetes. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient is prescribed glimepiride for type 2 diabetes. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of this medication?
Which of the following antidiabetic medications is most likely to cause a disulfiram-like reaction if taken with alcohol?
Which of the following antidiabetic medications is most likely to cause a disulfiram-like reaction if taken with alcohol?
A patient is started on a medication that works by binding to a different site on the potassium channel than sulfonylureas but causes a similar effect. Which class of medications is this patient most likely taking?
A patient is started on a medication that works by binding to a different site on the potassium channel than sulfonylureas but causes a similar effect. Which class of medications is this patient most likely taking?
A patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes asks about the duration of action for Regular insulin. Which duration is most appropriate to share with the patient?
A patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes asks about the duration of action for Regular insulin. Which duration is most appropriate to share with the patient?
A patient is prescribed metformin and asks the healthcare provider about potential vitamin deficiencies related to the medication. Which vitamin deficiency is most associated with long-term metformin use?
A patient is prescribed metformin and asks the healthcare provider about potential vitamin deficiencies related to the medication. Which vitamin deficiency is most associated with long-term metformin use?
A patient is prescribed a medication ending in '-gliflozin'. Which of the following mechanisms of action best describes how this medication works?
A patient is prescribed a medication ending in '-gliflozin'. Which of the following mechanisms of action best describes how this medication works?
A patient taking acarbose reports experiencing increased intestinal gas and bloating. What is the primary mechanism by which acarbose leads to these gastrointestinal side effects?
A patient taking acarbose reports experiencing increased intestinal gas and bloating. What is the primary mechanism by which acarbose leads to these gastrointestinal side effects?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed pioglitazone. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication in improving glycemic control?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed pioglitazone. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication in improving glycemic control?
A patient taking canagliflozin is counseled on potential adverse effects. Which of the following is most closely associated with this medication?
A patient taking canagliflozin is counseled on potential adverse effects. Which of the following is most closely associated with this medication?
A patient asks about the mechanism by which sitagliptin lowers blood glucose. Which of the following explanations is most accurate?
A patient asks about the mechanism by which sitagliptin lowers blood glucose. Which of the following explanations is most accurate?
Which of the following antidiabetic medications is most likely to cause hypoglycemia as a primary adverse effect when used as monotherapy?
Which of the following antidiabetic medications is most likely to cause hypoglycemia as a primary adverse effect when used as monotherapy?
A patient with a history of heart failure should be closely monitored while using which class of antidiabetic medications?
A patient with a history of heart failure should be closely monitored while using which class of antidiabetic medications?
For which of the following medications should patients be educated about the possibility of post-meal hypoglycemia?
For which of the following medications should patients be educated about the possibility of post-meal hypoglycemia?
Which of the following antidiabetic medications is administered via subcutaneous injection?
Which of the following antidiabetic medications is administered via subcutaneous injection?
Which class of antidiabetic drugs alters the conversion of ogliosaccharides to monosaccharides?
Which class of antidiabetic drugs alters the conversion of ogliosaccharides to monosaccharides?
A patient is prescribed repaglinide. Which of the following mechanisms of action best describes how this medication lowers blood glucose?
A patient is prescribed repaglinide. Which of the following mechanisms of action best describes how this medication lowers blood glucose?
A patient taking sitagliptin reports a new onset of a mild upper respiratory tract infection. Which of the following mechanisms is most closely associated with this adverse effect?
A patient taking sitagliptin reports a new onset of a mild upper respiratory tract infection. Which of the following mechanisms is most closely associated with this adverse effect?
A patient is prescribed liraglutide. What primary mechanism of action explains its effect on blood glucose levels?
A patient is prescribed liraglutide. What primary mechanism of action explains its effect on blood glucose levels?
Canagliflozin is prescribed to a patient with type 2 diabetes. Which of the following is a key mechanism of action of this drug?
Canagliflozin is prescribed to a patient with type 2 diabetes. Which of the following is a key mechanism of action of this drug?
A patient taking acarbose experiences frequent episodes of gas and bloating. What is the most direct cause of these gastrointestinal symptoms?
A patient taking acarbose experiences frequent episodes of gas and bloating. What is the most direct cause of these gastrointestinal symptoms?
Pioglitazone improves glycemic control through which of the following mechanisms?
Pioglitazone improves glycemic control through which of the following mechanisms?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy. What is the primary mechanism by which pramlintide aids in glycemic control?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy. What is the primary mechanism by which pramlintide aids in glycemic control?
A patient with type 1 diabetes needs an insulin that closely mimics the body's basal insulin secretion. Which of the following insulin types would be most appropriate?
A patient with type 1 diabetes needs an insulin that closely mimics the body's basal insulin secretion. Which of the following insulin types would be most appropriate?
Which of the following best describes how DPP-4 inhibitors lower blood glucose levels?
Which of the following best describes how DPP-4 inhibitors lower blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes who also has moderate renal impairment is prescribed metformin. Which potential adverse effect should the healthcare provider monitor most closely?
A patient with type 2 diabetes who also has moderate renal impairment is prescribed metformin. Which potential adverse effect should the healthcare provider monitor most closely?
Which of the following best explains the rationale for temporarily discontinuing metformin in a patient undergoing a CT scan with contrast?
Which of the following best explains the rationale for temporarily discontinuing metformin in a patient undergoing a CT scan with contrast?
A patient taking glipizide asks how the medication works. Which of the following explanations is most accurate?
A patient taking glipizide asks how the medication works. Which of the following explanations is most accurate?
A patient taking a sulfonylurea reports experiencing sweating, trembling, and confusion. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?
A patient taking a sulfonylurea reports experiencing sweating, trembling, and confusion. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?
A clinician is considering prescribing a medication to help manage a patient's postprandial blood glucose levels. Which of the following medications primarily targets postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying glucose absorption in the small intestine?
A clinician is considering prescribing a medication to help manage a patient's postprandial blood glucose levels. Which of the following medications primarily targets postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying glucose absorption in the small intestine?
A patient with type 2 diabetes asks why they need to avoid excessive alcohol consumption while taking a sulfonylurea. What is the most appropriate explanation?
A patient with type 2 diabetes asks why they need to avoid excessive alcohol consumption while taking a sulfonylurea. What is the most appropriate explanation?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin at 7:00 AM. Around what time of day should the patient be educated to be most vigilant for potential hypoglycemic reactions due to the insulin's peak effect?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin at 7:00 AM. Around what time of day should the patient be educated to be most vigilant for potential hypoglycemic reactions due to the insulin's peak effect?
How would you rank the duration of action of rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting insulin from shortest duration to the longest duration?
How would you rank the duration of action of rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting insulin from shortest duration to the longest duration?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed Metformin. The patient asks how this medication will help in lowering their blood sugar. What is the most appropriate response?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed Metformin. The patient asks how this medication will help in lowering their blood sugar. What is the most appropriate response?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is using rapid-acting insulin before meals. If the patient injects insulin at 7:00 AM, when should they expect the peak effect of the rapid-acting insulin?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is using rapid-acting insulin before meals. If the patient injects insulin at 7:00 AM, when should they expect the peak effect of the rapid-acting insulin?
Metformin is contraindicated or used with caution in patients with renal impairment due to the risk of lactic acidosis. Which of the following factors contributes most significantly to this risk?
Metformin is contraindicated or used with caution in patients with renal impairment due to the risk of lactic acidosis. Which of the following factors contributes most significantly to this risk?
Which of the following mechanisms of action is characteristic of drugs ending in '-gliptin'?
Which of the following mechanisms of action is characteristic of drugs ending in '-gliptin'?
A patient taking a medication ending in '-tide' asks about its mechanism of action. Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation?
A patient taking a medication ending in '-tide' asks about its mechanism of action. Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation?
Canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, lowers blood glucose through which mechanism?
Canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, lowers blood glucose through which mechanism?
Acarbose is prescribed to manage a patient's diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?
Acarbose is prescribed to manage a patient's diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?
Which of the following best describes the action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on insulin sensitivity?
Which of the following best describes the action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on insulin sensitivity?
What is the primary mechanism by which pramlintide helps regulate blood glucose levels?
What is the primary mechanism by which pramlintide helps regulate blood glucose levels?
A patient taking nateglinide asks how the medication works. Which of the following is the most accurate explanation?
A patient taking nateglinide asks how the medication works. Which of the following is the most accurate explanation?
A patient on dapagliflozin is counseled about potential adverse effects. Which of the following is most closely associated with this medication?
A patient on dapagliflozin is counseled about potential adverse effects. Which of the following is most closely associated with this medication?
What potential adverse effect should a healthcare provider monitor when administering contrast dye to a patient taking an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor?
What potential adverse effect should a healthcare provider monitor when administering contrast dye to a patient taking an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor?
A patient is started on pioglitazone. Which of the following adverse effects requires careful monitoring?
A patient is started on pioglitazone. Which of the following adverse effects requires careful monitoring?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is the primary mechanism by which metformin lowers blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is the primary mechanism by which metformin lowers blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed glipizide. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed glipizide. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of this medication?
Which of the following best describes the rationale for temporarily discontinuing metformin in a patient undergoing a CT scan with contrast?
Which of the following best describes the rationale for temporarily discontinuing metformin in a patient undergoing a CT scan with contrast?
A patient taking glyburide reports experiencing sweating, trembling, and confusion. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?
A patient taking glyburide reports experiencing sweating, trembling, and confusion. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?
Which of the following statements best differentiates the mechanisms of action between sulfonylureas and meglitinides?
Which of the following statements best differentiates the mechanisms of action between sulfonylureas and meglitinides?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires basal insulin coverage to mimic normal pancreatic function. Which of the following insulin types would be most appropriate?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires basal insulin coverage to mimic normal pancreatic function. Which of the following insulin types would be most appropriate?
Which of the following correctly ranks the duration of action of rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin from shortest duration to the longest duration?
Which of the following correctly ranks the duration of action of rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin from shortest duration to the longest duration?
A patient is prescribed a medication ending in '-glitazone'. Through which mechanism does this medication improve glycemic control?
A patient is prescribed a medication ending in '-glitazone'. Through which mechanism does this medication improve glycemic control?
Which of the following potential adverse effects is most directly linked to the increased glucose excretion caused by SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which of the following potential adverse effects is most directly linked to the increased glucose excretion caused by SGLT2 inhibitors?
A patient taking acarbose is counseled to expect which of the following potential adverse effects due to the drug's mechanism of action?
A patient taking acarbose is counseled to expect which of the following potential adverse effects due to the drug's mechanism of action?
What is the primary mechanism by which pramlintide, an amylin analog, helps to regulate postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes?
What is the primary mechanism by which pramlintide, an amylin analog, helps to regulate postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes?
Which of the following mechanisms accounts for the primary glucose-lowering effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?
Which of the following mechanisms accounts for the primary glucose-lowering effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?
A patient is prescribed a medication ending in '-flozin.' Which of the following mechanisms of action best describes how this medication lowers blood glucose levels?
A patient is prescribed a medication ending in '-flozin.' Which of the following mechanisms of action best describes how this medication lowers blood glucose levels?
A patient is prescribed pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action by which pioglitazone improves glycemic control?
A patient is prescribed pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action by which pioglitazone improves glycemic control?
A patient taking an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor reports increased gas and bloating. Which of the following best explains the cause of these symptoms?
A patient taking an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor reports increased gas and bloating. Which of the following best explains the cause of these symptoms?
A patient who recently started taking pramlintide reports experiencing frequent mild hypoglycemic episodes. What is the most likely contributing factor?
A patient who recently started taking pramlintide reports experiencing frequent mild hypoglycemic episodes. What is the most likely contributing factor?
Which class of antidiabetic drugs is known to carry a risk of heart failure and should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing heart conditions?
Which class of antidiabetic drugs is known to carry a risk of heart failure and should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing heart conditions?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires a long-acting insulin to mimic basal insulin secretion. Which of the following characteristics is most important when choosing an appropriate insulin?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires a long-acting insulin to mimic basal insulin secretion. Which of the following characteristics is most important when choosing an appropriate insulin?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient's eGFR is consistently between 30-45 mL/min. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action regarding the Metformin prescription?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient's eGFR is consistently between 30-45 mL/min. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action regarding the Metformin prescription?
A patient taking glipizide consistently forgets to eat meals after taking their medication, leading to frequent hypoglycemic episodes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate intervention?
A patient taking glipizide consistently forgets to eat meals after taking their medication, leading to frequent hypoglycemic episodes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate intervention?
A patient is prescribed repaglinide to manage post-meal glucose excursions. Which of the following instructions should be emphasized to the patient for safe and effective use?
A patient is prescribed repaglinide to manage post-meal glucose excursions. Which of the following instructions should be emphasized to the patient for safe and effective use?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is taking metformin and plans to start a strenuous exercise program. What advice regarding their medication is most appropriate?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is taking metformin and plans to start a strenuous exercise program. What advice regarding their medication is most appropriate?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication ending in '-gliptin.' Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of action of this class of drugs?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication ending in '-gliptin.' Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of action of this class of drugs?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin to be administered at 8:00 AM. At what time of day is this patient most at risk of experiencing hypoglycemia?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin to be administered at 8:00 AM. At what time of day is this patient most at risk of experiencing hypoglycemia?
Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between sulfonylureas and meglitinides in terms of mechanism of action and binding site?
Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between sulfonylureas and meglitinides in terms of mechanism of action and binding site?
A patient taking metformin experiences persistent gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea and diarrhea, despite dose adjustments. Which of the following strategies might be considered to improve tolerability?
A patient taking metformin experiences persistent gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea and diarrhea, despite dose adjustments. Which of the following strategies might be considered to improve tolerability?
A patient is prescribed glargine insulin. When should the patient administer their insulin?
A patient is prescribed glargine insulin. When should the patient administer their insulin?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed repaglinide. What is its primary mechanism of action?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed repaglinide. What is its primary mechanism of action?
Which antidiabetic medication is most likely to cause gastrointestinal side effects like bloating and gas due to its mechanism of action?
Which antidiabetic medication is most likely to cause gastrointestinal side effects like bloating and gas due to its mechanism of action?
A patient is prescribed canagliflozin. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient is prescribed canagliflozin. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
Which class of antidiabetic medications is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to its mechanism of action?
Which class of antidiabetic medications is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to its mechanism of action?
A patient has recently started taking exenatide. By what primary mechanism does this medication lower blood glucose levels?
A patient has recently started taking exenatide. By what primary mechanism does this medication lower blood glucose levels?
Which of the following medications increases insulin sensitivity by binding to PPARγ?
Which of the following medications increases insulin sensitivity by binding to PPARγ?
A patient taking a medication for type 2 diabetes experiences frequent hypoglycemia, particularly when meals are skipped. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for this?
A patient taking a medication for type 2 diabetes experiences frequent hypoglycemia, particularly when meals are skipped. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for this?
What is the primary action of DPP-4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes?
What is the primary action of DPP-4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed pramlintide to manage postprandial glucose levels. How does pramlintide work?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed pramlintide to manage postprandial glucose levels. How does pramlintide work?
How does metformin affect patients with renal impairment?
How does metformin affect patients with renal impairment?
A patient with type 2 diabetes who also has a history of mild heart failure is prescribed metformin for glycemic control. Which of the following considerations is most important when initiating metformin therapy in this patient?
A patient with type 2 diabetes who also has a history of mild heart failure is prescribed metformin for glycemic control. Which of the following considerations is most important when initiating metformin therapy in this patient?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is started on lispro insulin. When should the patient administer this type of insulin in relation to mealtimes?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is started on lispro insulin. When should the patient administer this type of insulin in relation to mealtimes?
A patient taking NPH insulin reports experiencing hypoglycemia in the mid-afternoon. The insulin is administered at 7:00 AM. What is the most likely reason for this hypoglycemic episode?
A patient taking NPH insulin reports experiencing hypoglycemia in the mid-afternoon. The insulin is administered at 7:00 AM. What is the most likely reason for this hypoglycemic episode?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient's eGFR is 40 mL/min. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action regarding the metformin prescription?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient's eGFR is 40 mL/min. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action regarding the metformin prescription?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires an insulin regimen that will provide a constant level of background insulin throughout the day and night. Which of the following insulin types is most appropriate for this?
A patient with type 1 diabetes requires an insulin regimen that will provide a constant level of background insulin throughout the day and night. Which of the following insulin types is most appropriate for this?
A patient is prescribed glipizide for type 2 diabetes. The patient also has a history of frequently skipping meals. What is the most significant risk associated with this combination?
A patient is prescribed glipizide for type 2 diabetes. The patient also has a history of frequently skipping meals. What is the most significant risk associated with this combination?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient asks what they should do if they develop persistent diarrhea after starting the medication. What is the most appropriate response?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient asks what they should do if they develop persistent diarrhea after starting the medication. What is the most appropriate response?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. Which of the following instructions should be emphasized to the patient to minimize the risk of lactic acidosis?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. Which of the following instructions should be emphasized to the patient to minimize the risk of lactic acidosis?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed regular insulin to be administered before meals. If the patient injects the insulin at 7:00 AM, when should they expect the peak effect of the regular insulin?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is prescribed regular insulin to be administered before meals. If the patient injects the insulin at 7:00 AM, when should they expect the peak effect of the regular insulin?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient reports experiencing persistent nausea and abdominal bloating. What is the most appropriate initial strategy to manage these side effects?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. The patient reports experiencing persistent nausea and abdominal bloating. What is the most appropriate initial strategy to manage these side effects?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is started on metformin. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to metformin's ability to lower blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is started on metformin. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to metformin's ability to lower blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed glipizide. What is the primary mechanism by which sulfonylureas, such as glipizide, lower blood glucose?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed glipizide. What is the primary mechanism by which sulfonylureas, such as glipizide, lower blood glucose?
Which of the following mechanisms of action is associated with medications ending in '-gliptin'?
Which of the following mechanisms of action is associated with medications ending in '-gliptin'?
Canagliflozin lowers blood glucose through which of the following mechanisms?
Canagliflozin lowers blood glucose through which of the following mechanisms?
Which insulin has the longest duration of action and is designed to provide basal coverage throughout the day?
Which insulin has the longest duration of action and is designed to provide basal coverage throughout the day?
A patient prescribed NPH insulin at 7:00 AM should be educated to be most vigilant for potential hypoglycemic reactions around what time, due to the insulin's peak effect?
A patient prescribed NPH insulin at 7:00 AM should be educated to be most vigilant for potential hypoglycemic reactions around what time, due to the insulin's peak effect?
A patient taking acarbose reports increased intestinal gas and bloating. What is the primary mechanism by which acarbose leads to these gastrointestinal side effects?
A patient taking acarbose reports increased intestinal gas and bloating. What is the primary mechanism by which acarbose leads to these gastrointestinal side effects?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication that increases insulin release by binding to potassium channels on pancreatic beta cells, but at a different site than sulfonylureas. Which class of medication is the patient most likely taking?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication that increases insulin release by binding to potassium channels on pancreatic beta cells, but at a different site than sulfonylureas. Which class of medication is the patient most likely taking?
A patient taking canagliflozin reports symptoms of a urinary tract infection. What is the most likely mechanism contributing to this adverse effect?
A patient taking canagliflozin reports symptoms of a urinary tract infection. What is the most likely mechanism contributing to this adverse effect?
Acarbose is prescribed to a patient with type 2 diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
Acarbose is prescribed to a patient with type 2 diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient is prescribed liraglutide. What is the primary mechanism of action that explains its effect on blood glucose levels?
A patient is prescribed liraglutide. What is the primary mechanism of action that explains its effect on blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes who is also being treated for hypertension is prescribed canagliflozin. What potential electrolyte imbalance should be monitored due to the mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient with type 2 diabetes who is also being treated for hypertension is prescribed canagliflozin. What potential electrolyte imbalance should be monitored due to the mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient taking metformin asks how the medication works to lower their blood sugar. Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation?
A patient taking metformin asks how the medication works to lower their blood sugar. Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation?
How do DPP-4 inhibitors lower glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?
How do DPP-4 inhibitors lower glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?
A patient with a history of cardiovascular disease is prescribed an antidiabetic medication. Which class of drugs requires careful monitoring due to potential adverse cardiovascular effects?
A patient with a history of cardiovascular disease is prescribed an antidiabetic medication. Which class of drugs requires careful monitoring due to potential adverse cardiovascular effects?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication that works by directly inhibiting an enzyme that degrades incretin hormones. Which of the following drug classes is this patient most likely taking?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a medication that works by directly inhibiting an enzyme that degrades incretin hormones. Which of the following drug classes is this patient most likely taking?
Which of the following mechanisms explains how sulfonylureas lower blood glucose?
Which of the following mechanisms explains how sulfonylureas lower blood glucose?
A patient taking glipizide is counseled to avoid excessive alcohol consumption due to the risk of what adverse effect?
A patient taking glipizide is counseled to avoid excessive alcohol consumption due to the risk of what adverse effect?
How do meglitinides stimulate insulin release?
How do meglitinides stimulate insulin release?
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?
A patient is prescribed sitagliptin. What is the mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient is prescribed sitagliptin. What is the mechanism of action of this medication?
What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 agonists?
What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 agonists?
Which of the following mechanisms of action is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which of the following mechanisms of action is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?
A patient has been newly prescribed canagliflozin. What potential adverse effect should the patient be educated about?
A patient has been newly prescribed canagliflozin. What potential adverse effect should the patient be educated about?
What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
What best describes the primary mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
What best describes the primary mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. Which of the following mechanisms of action contributes to its ability to lower blood glucose levels?
A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. Which of the following mechanisms of action contributes to its ability to lower blood glucose levels?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin at 7:00 AM. Around what time of day should the patient be advised to monitor for potential hypoglycemic reactions due to the insulin's peak effect?
A patient is prescribed NPH insulin at 7:00 AM. Around what time of day should the patient be advised to monitor for potential hypoglycemic reactions due to the insulin's peak effect?
A patient taking metformin is scheduled for an elective surgery. Which of the following considerations regarding metformin is most accurate?
A patient taking metformin is scheduled for an elective surgery. Which of the following considerations regarding metformin is most accurate?
A patient has been consistently using metformin for several years. Which potential long-term adverse effect should be monitored regularly?
A patient has been consistently using metformin for several years. Which potential long-term adverse effect should be monitored regularly?
A patient newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes asks about the role of long-acting insulin. Which of the following best describes the primary function of long-acting insulin?
A patient newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes asks about the role of long-acting insulin. Which of the following best describes the primary function of long-acting insulin?
A patient is prescribed rapid-acting insulin to be taken before meals. If the patient injects the insulin at 7:00 AM, approximately when should they expect the peak effect of the rapid-acting insulin?
A patient is prescribed rapid-acting insulin to be taken before meals. If the patient injects the insulin at 7:00 AM, approximately when should they expect the peak effect of the rapid-acting insulin?
A patient is taking metformin and reports new and persistent nausea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Which of the following conditions should be suspected, particularly if the patient has impaired renal function?
A patient is taking metformin and reports new and persistent nausea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Which of the following conditions should be suspected, particularly if the patient has impaired renal function?
A patient with diabetes is started on insulin therapy. They are prescribed both long-acting insulin and rapid-acting insulin. What is the purpose of administering both?
A patient with diabetes is started on insulin therapy. They are prescribed both long-acting insulin and rapid-acting insulin. What is the purpose of administering both?
Study Notes
Diabetes Drugs Overview
- Diabetes drugs primarily treat either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
- Insulin is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes.
- Oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs are the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes, but crossover may occur depending on severity.
- Diabetes drugs can be categorized into type 1 and type 2 treatments
Insulin Types
- Key aspects of insulin include their peak time and duration.
- Pertinent data for each insulin type include name, category, peak time, and duration.
- Key information for each insulin: name, category, peak time, and duration
Rapid-Acting Insulins
- Includes lispro, aspart, and glulisine.
- Peak time is approximately 1 to 1.5 hours.
- Duration is 3 to 4 hours.
- Used by type 1 diabetics during meals or to correct high blood glucose levels.
- "Rapid insulins do not LAG" is the mnemonic (lispro, aspart, glulisine).
- Represented in red on the insulin level versus time graph.
- Used by type 1 diabetics at meal times or when blood glucose needs quick correction
Short-Acting Insulins
- Regular insulin is the only short-acting insulin to know.
- Peak time is 2.5 hours.
- Duration is 4 to 6 hours.
- "Regular and short" is the mnemonic.
- Duration is longer than rapid-acting insulins.
- Represented in blue on the insulin level versus time graph.
- Only one: regular insulin
Intermediate-Acting Insulins
- NPH insulin is the main type.
- Peak time is approximately 8 hours.
- Duration is 10 to 16 hours.
- "Intermediate is not particularly HAsty" (NPH) is the mnemonic.
- Represented in purple on the insulin level versus time graph.
- Main type: NPH insulin
Long-Acting Insulins
- Includes glargine and detemir.
- Have no peak time.
- Duration is 24 hours.
- Taken once daily to replace the basal insulin function in type 1 diabetics.
- Provides baseline coverage without a peak, mimicking normal pancreatic function.
- "God Damn 24 hours is a long time" (glargine, detemir) is the mnemonic.
- Represented in green on the insulin level versus time graph.
- Provide basal insulin coverage for type 1 diabetics, mimicking normal pancreatic function
Mnemonics for Insulin Types
- "Rapid insulins do not lag" (LAG - lispro, aspart, glulisine)
- "Regular and short" (Regular insulin is short-acting)
- "Intermediate insulins are not particularly hasty" (NPH)
- "God damn 24 hours is a long time" (GD - glargine and detemir)
- Rapid-acting insulins: "Rapid insulins do not LAG" (Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine)
- Short-acting insulin: "Regular and short"
- Intermediate-acting insulin: "Intermediate insulins are not particularly hasty" (NPH)
- Long-acting insulins: "God damn 24 hours is a long time" (Glargine, Detemir)
Type 2 Diabetes Medications: Oral Anti-Hyperglycemics
- Includes metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, Acarbose, Thiazolidinediones, and Amylin analogs.
- Includes Metformin, Sulfonylureas, Meglitenides, DPP4 Inhibitors & GLP-1 Agonists
Metformin
- A biguanide.
- Metformin is the prototypical type 2 diabetes oral agent.
- It is often the initial treatment for type 2 diabetes.
- Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis.
- Increases glycolysis.
- Increases peripheral glucose uptake.
- The net effect is decreased glucose levels.
- Adverse effects include lactic acidosis, B12 deficiency, and GI upset.
- Lactic acidosis is more common and dangerous in patients with renal insufficiency.
- Lactic acidosis can be fatal, especially with renal insufficiency.
- Metformin is excreted by the kidneys.
- Contrast-induced nephropathy can occur when contrast is given during imaging.
- Contrast can temporarily damage kidney function.
- Impaired kidney function during contrast exposure can cause metformin buildup, leading to lactic acidosis.
- Kidneys are needed to excrete Metformin; if they cannot, it can build up and cause toxic lactic acidosis.
- Metformin is often held in hospitalized patients who may need contrast.
- "Met"formin for "met"abolic acidosis (lactic acidosis) is the mnemonic.
- Metformin starts with "met," and lactic acidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis.
- Lactic acidosis is a potentially fatal adverse effect.
- Prototype for type 2 diabetes oral agents.
- Category: Biguanide
- Mechanism:
- Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
- Increases glycolysis
- Increases peripheral glucose uptake
- Net effect: decreases glucose
Metformin Adverse Effects
- Lactic acidosis in renal insufficiency
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- GI upset
Metformin and Lactic Acidosis
- Metformin is normally excreted by the kidneys
- Contrast used in CT scans can cause contrast-induced nephropathy, temporarily impairing kidney function
- Impaired kidney function prevents metformin excretion, leading to buildup and potential lactic acidosis
- Metformin is often held when patients are admitted to the hospital to avoid complications with potential contrast use
Mnemonic for Metformin
- "Met" for metformin reminds of "metabolic" because lactic acidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis.
Sulfonylureas
- Increase insulin release by depolarizing the potassium channel.
- Stimulate insulin release by blocking potassium channels, leading to cell depolarization and calcium influx.
- Increase the release of insulin.
- Adverse effects include hypoglycemia and disulfiram reaction.
- Drugs end in "ide" (glymepiride, glipizide, glyburide).
- "I'd take your sulfonylurea" helps remember the "ide" ending is the Mnemonic.
- "I'd take your sulfonylurea if I were you" is the mnemonic
- Mechanism: Increase insulin release by depolarizing the potassium channel
- Adverse effects: Hypoglycemia, disulfiram reaction
- Drugs end in "-ide": Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide
- Mnemonic: "I'd take your sulfonylurea"
Meglitinides
- Mechanism is similar to sulfonylureas but has a different binding site.
- Bind to a different site on potassium channels compared to sulfonylureas.
- Cause depolarization, calcium channel opening, and insulin release.
- Also increase insulin release
- Drugs also end in "ide" (netaglinide, repaglinide).
- Meglitinides are almost identical to sulfonylureas.
- Can also cause hypoglycemia.
- "I'd take your meglitinides" helps remember the "ide" ending is the Mnemonic.
- Similar to sulfonylureas
- Mechanism: Same as sulfonylureas, but bind to a different site on the potassium channel
- Drugs end in "-ide": Nateglinide, Repaglinide
- Mnemonic: "I'd take your meglitenide"
DPP-4 Inhibitors
- Drugs end in "gliptin" (lenagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin).
- Inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).
- Reduce urinary and respiratory infections
- Potentiate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
- DPP-4 normally inhibits GLP-1, which promotes insulin release and inhibits glucagon release.
- Inhibiting DPP-4 increases GLP-1 activity, lowering glucose levels.
- Promote stimulation of insulin release and inhibition of glucagon release.
- Example drugs are Sitagliptin or Saxagliptin
- DPP-4 inhibitors also stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon release but through a different mechanism than GLP-1 agonists.
- Lipton Tea makes you pee pee four more times, associating "Lipton" with the drug suffix and "pee pee four" with DPP-4. is the Mnemonic
- Remember by associating "-liptin" with "Lipton" iced tea; "Lipton makes you pee pee four more times," thus "DPP4" is the Mnemonic
- DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists work similarly by promoting insulin release and inhibiting glucagon release, but they do so through different mechanisms.
- All DPP-4 inhibitors end in "-liptin".
- Drugs end in "-gliptin": Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin
- Mechanism: Inhibit DPP-4, potentiating GLP-1
- Adverse effects: Urinary infections, respiratory infections
DPP-4 Inhibitor Mechanism Explained
- Eating food releases glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) which promotes insulin and inhibits glucagon release
- DPP-4 is an enzyme that inhibits GLP-1
- DPP-4 inhibitors prevent DPP-4 from inhibiting GLP-1, leading to increased insulin release and decreased glucagon release
GLP-1 Agonists
- Drugs end in "tide" (exenatide, liraglutide).
- Potentiate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
- Potentiate the process of stimulating insulin release and inhibiting glucagon release, similarly to DPP-4 inhibitors but more directly.
- GLP-1 agonists stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon release, similar to DPP-4 inhibitors but more potent.
- Gulping Tide Pods, relating "gulp" to GLP-1 and "tide" to the suffix.
- Remember by associating "GLP-1" with "gulping" and the "Tide Pod challenge," thus "tide" for "-tide" drugs (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide) is the memonic.
- Example drugs are Exenatide or Liraglutide
- GLP-1 is normally released after eating and promotes insulin release and inhibits glucagon release.
- DPP-4 normally inhibits GLP-1.
- DPP-4 inhibitors prevent the inhibition of GLP- by inhibiting DDP-4, resulting in increased insulin release and decreased glucagon release, leading to lower glucose levels.
- Think of "gulping" like GLP, and recall the "Tide Pod Challenge" where teenagers swallowed Tide Pods (laundry detergent pods).
- Most GLP-1 agonists end in "-tide".
- Drugs end in "-tide": Exenatide, Liraglutide
GLP-1 Agonists
- GLP-1 agonists potentiate the process of stimulating insulin release and inhibiting glucagon release.
- GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors work similarly by promoting the same process, but do so differently.
- GLP-1 agonists typically end in "tide" (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide).
- The mnemonic for remembering GLP-1 agonists involves thinking of someone "gulping" down "tide pods".
DPP-4 Inhibitors
- DPP-4 inhibitors promote insulin release and inhibit glucagon release.
- DPP-4 inhibitors typically end in "liptin" (e.g., sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin).
- The mnemonic for remembering DPP-4 inhibitors is, "Lipton makes you pee pee four more times," associating "liptin" with "Lipton" iced tea and its diuretic effect.
SGLT2 Inhibitors
- Mechanism: inhibit the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney, decreasing glucose reabsorption.
- Adverse Effects: glucosuria, urinary tract infections, vaginal yeast infections, hyperkalemia, and dehydration.
- Inhibition reduces the reabsorption of glucose, leading to more glucose excretion in the urine.
- Glucosuria: Excess glucose in the urine provides a food source for pathogens.
- The drugs in this class end in "-flozin".
- Examples: Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin
- Inhibit the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
- Flows-in go through the urine, linking the drug suffix to their mechanism of action in the kidneys is the mnemonic.
- SGLT2 inhibitors end in "-gliflozin" (e.g., canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin).
- "-gliflozin" drugs cause glucose to "flow" through the urine.
- SGLT2 inhibitors end in "flozin" (e.g., canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin).
- They inhibit the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
- Inhibition of SGLT2 decreases the reabsorption of glucose, leading to glucose excretion in the urine.
- Adverse effects include glucosuria, urinary tract infections, and vaginal yeast infections due to increased glucose in the urine.
- Other adverse effects include hyperkalemia and dehydration.
- A mnemonic is: "flows in" through the urine.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Inhibit intestinal brush border alpha-glucosidases, preventing the breakdown of oligosaccharides into absorbable glucose.
- Adverse effects: GI upset, gas, and bloating due to undigested oligosaccharides in the intestine.
- Acarbose is a major drug.
- Key drug: Acarbose, also miglitol.
- Miglitol is a secondary drug
- Oligosaccharides are precursor components of glucose
- Glucose is a monosaccharide
- Alpha-glucosidases normally convert oligosaccharides into monosaccharide glucose, which can be absorbed into the body.
- Inhibition prevents the breakdown of oligosaccharides, reducing glucose absorption.
- A-carb refers to "without carbs," representing the lack of glucose absorption.
- Example drugs are Acarbose and Miglitol
- Drugs include acarbose and miglitol.
- "Acarbose" means "without carbs," so glucose is not produced in the intestine.
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors include acarbose and miglitol.
- They inhibit intestinal brush border alpha-glucosidases.
- Alpha-glucosidase enzyme converts oligosaccharides to monosaccharide glucose.
- Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, gas, and bloating.
- Acarbose inhibits the enzyme that converts oligosaccharides into monosaccharide glucose, preventing glucose absorption.
- A mnemonic is: "a-carb" literally means without carbs because the intestine is without carbs.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
- Bind to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), increasing insulin sensitivity.
- Drugs end in "-glitazone".
- Adverse effects: heart failure and increased risk of fracture.
- Bring "glitter" to the party, associating "glitter" (glitazone) with "PPAR-gamma".
- Drugs include pioglitazone and rosiglitazone
- "Bring glitter to the party" ("glitta" for "glitazone" and "party" for PPAR gamma) is the mnemonic.
- Example drugs are Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone.
- Drugs end in "-glitazone" (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone).
- Bring "glitta" (glitter) to the "party" (PPAR gamma).
- Thiazolidinediones end in "glitazone" (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone).
- TZDs bind to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), increasing insulin sensitivity.
- Adverse effects include heart failure and increased risk of fracture.
- A mnemonic is: "bring glitter to the party," associating "glitter" with "glitazone" and "party" with PPARγ.
Amylin Analogs
- Pramlintide is a synthetic amylin.
- Works alongside insulin to help lower glucose levels.
- The adverse effect is hypoglycemia.
- Key drug: Pramlintide.
- Amylin works like Insulin, linking the similar suffixes (lin) and functions of these drugs is the memonic.
- Amylin works like insulin as both end in "-lin. is the mnemonic"
- Common use case: Type 1 diabetes population.
- Primary drug: Pramlintide.
- Amylin works like insu"lin" because they both end in -lin.
- Pramlintide is the primary amylin analog.
- Amylin analogs are synthetic amylin and work alongside insulin.
- They help insulin to decrease glucose.
- The main adverse is hypoglycemia
- Amylin works like Insulin
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