Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common way that patients with type 2 diabetes are often diagnosed?
What is a common way that patients with type 2 diabetes are often diagnosed?
Who should be screened for pre-diabetes?
Who should be screened for pre-diabetes?
What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes?
What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes?
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What is a long-term complication of diabetes that may lead to a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?
What is a long-term complication of diabetes that may lead to a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?
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Which ethnic group is more likely to develop diabetes than white and Asian individuals?
Which ethnic group is more likely to develop diabetes than white and Asian individuals?
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What is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes that is associated with socioeconomic position?
What is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes that is associated with socioeconomic position?
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What is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes that is associated with family history?
What is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes that is associated with family history?
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What is a modifiable risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes that is associated with lifestyle?
What is a modifiable risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes that is associated with lifestyle?
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What is a metabolic condition that is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes?
What is a metabolic condition that is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes?
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What is an injury that can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
What is an injury that can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Diagnosis
- Initial increase in blood sugar levels is significant, remaining high at 200 mg/dl (11 mmol/L) or more.
- Tests for blood levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are not used for initial diagnosis, but to determine severity of diabetes.
Complications of Diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Heart failure
- Fatty liver disease
- Nerve damage
- Fertility problems
- Skin infections
- Blindness
- Foot amputation
- Depression
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Combination of hyperglycemia and acidosis
- Insulin deficiency leads to severe hyperglycemia and increased lipolysis
- Increased release of fatty acids and keto acids raises acid content of blood, lowering pH
- Can lead to hyperventilation, impaired central nervous system function, coma, and death
Diabetes Management
- Treatment aims to reduce blood glucose concentrations to normal levels
- HbA1c levels can be used to assess treatment effectiveness
- Target values of HbA1c levels should be close to normal
Treatment Plan
- Diabetes education and lifestyle changes
- Meal planning and nutritional recommendations
- Exercise and physical activity
- Monitoring glucose levels
- Pharmacological management (oral hypoglycemic, insulin injections, surgical)
- Management of associated conditions and complications
Lifestyle Therapy
- Recommended as first-line treatment for patients with T2DM
- Key components include structured exercise, increased daily physical activity, and nutrition therapy (particularly weight loss if needed)
Risk Factors for Diabetes
- Nonmodifiable risk factors: age, sex, socioeconomic position, genetic factors, family history, and race/ethnicity
- Modifiable risk factors: injury to pancreas, autoimmune disease, high blood pressure, abnormal blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels, polycystic ovary syndrome, history of vascular disease, physical stress, and being overweight or habitually physically inactive
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Description
This quiz covers the diagnosis of diabetes, including the role of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in determining the severity of the condition. It also discusses normal HbA1c levels and their implications.
