Diabetes 101

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Questions and Answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

  • Type 1 DM (correct)
  • Secondary DM
  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
  • Type 2 DM

Which type of diabetes is a combined insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion?

  • Secondary DM
  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
  • Type 2 DM (correct)
  • Type 1 DM

Which of the following is a risk factor for Type 2 DM?

  • Insulin treatment
  • Diet and exercise
  • Family history (correct)
  • Impaired glucose tolerance

Which type of diabetes is characterized by developing during pregnancy but usually disappears after pregnancy?

<p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general approaches to Type 2 DM treatment?

<p>Diet and exercise modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the desired outcomes of Type 2 DM treatment?

<p>Reduce risk of complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Increases peripheral glucose utilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin?

<p>Sulfonylureas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Reduces insulin resistance in the periphery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

<p>Type 1 DM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Prevents the breakdown of sucrose and complex carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

<p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Type 2 DM?

<p>Type 2 DM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Autoimmune process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Tissue resistance to insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Usually &lt; 30 years old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Insulin is low, normal or high (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Autoimmune process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Tissue resistance to insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by moderate to severe symptoms such as 3Ps, fatigue, weight loss, and ketoacidosis?

<p>Type 1 DM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Increases peripheral glucose utilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Edema and weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Inhibits breakdown of sucrose and complex carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an unwanted effect of sulfonylureas?

<p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of meglitinides?

<p>Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

<p>Edema and weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of GLP-1 agonists?

<p>Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

<p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a second-generation sulfonylurea drug used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

<p>Glipizide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a short-acting secretagogue used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

<p>Repaglinide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues?

<p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like metformin?

<p>Increased cellular uptake of glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with biguanides like metformin?

<p>Lactic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 DM?

<p>Habitual physical inactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Improved insulin sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a general approach to the treatment of Type 2 DM?

<p>Dietary and exercise modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

<p>Decreased glucose absorption from the diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for chlorpropamide, a first-generation sulfonylurea drug?

<p>24-60 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following medications stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin?

<p>Meglitinides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of biguanides like metformin?

<p>Inhibition of hepatic glucose production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

<p>Delay of glucose absorption from the gut (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues like repaglinide and nateglinide?

<p>Hypoglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

<p>Enhancement of insulin sensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the desired outcomes of Type 2 DM treatment?

<p>Reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular disease complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

<p>Type 2 Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 DM?

<p>Obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Reduces hepatic glucose production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Reduces insulin resistance in the periphery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Prevents breakdown of sucrose and complex carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Flatulence and diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of sulfonylureas?

<p>Promotes enhanced insulin release from the pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of sulfonylureas?

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of GLP-1 agonists?

<p>Increases pancreatic secretion of insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

<p>Urinary tract infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

<p>Type 1 DM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

<p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Autoimmune process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Tissue resistance to insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 DM?

<p>Increased HGO (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>5-10% prevalence, usually &lt; 30 years old, insulin is low, normal or high (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>90% prevalence, usually &gt; 40 years old, insulin is low, normal or high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Autoimmune process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Tissue resistance to insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Lactic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

<p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues like repaglinide and nateglinide?

<p>Early postprandial hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

<p>Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

<p>Lispro (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

<p>NPH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a method of insulin administration?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a long-acting insulin?

<p>Glargine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

<p>Lactic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Fluid retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of short-acting secretagogues?

<p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors like Canagliflozin?

<p>Pancreatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide agonist?

<p>2-3 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with DPP-4 inhibitors like Sitagliptin?

<p>Vulvovaginal candidiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes requires the administration of insulin?

<p>Type 1 Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is insulin indicated in Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>During surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is used to measure insulin concentration?

<p>Units/ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of insulin has a short half-life?

<p>Short-acting insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary insulin binding site?

<p>Alpha unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the beta unit of insulin?

<p>Tyrosine kinase activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should insulin be administered before a meal?

<p>30 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

<p>Lispro (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

<p>NPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a long-acting insulin?

<p>Glargine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Phenytoin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Type 2 DM?

<p>Non-insulin-dependent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

<p>Increase insulin receptor sensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues like repaglinide and nateglinide?

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with biguanides like metformin?

<p>Lactic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Fluid retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

<p>Type 2 Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

<p>Edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

<p>Reduce insulin resistance in the periphery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

<p>Type 2 Diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Increase tissue insulin sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Insulin deficiency and autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential indication for giving insulin in Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Uncontrolled glucose level for any reason (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the structure of insulin?

<p>It has alpha and beta units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary insulin binding site?

<p>Alpha unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of insulin?

<p>Short, only few minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time to take insulin before meals?

<p>30 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient takes insulin during eating, instead of before eating, what is likely to happen?

<p>Early postprandial hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen to a person who is hungry and doesn't take their insulin shot?

<p>High blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

<p>Lispro (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

<p>NPH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a long-acting insulin?

<p>Glargine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following methods of insulin administration involves continuous subcutaneous administration of short-acting insulin using a small pump?

<p>Insulin Pumps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is the recommended starting dose of insulin for a patient with Type 1 DM?

<p>0.6 U/kg/day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a 50 kg patient with Type 1 DM, what would be the total daily dose of insulin?

<p>30 U/day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total daily dose of insulin is recommended for basal insulin in a patient with Type 1 DM?

<p>45% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect associated with biguanides like Metformin?

<p>Lactic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

<p>Inhibition of carbohydrate digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

<p>Increase in insulin receptor sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues?

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

<p>Diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Fluid retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect associated with glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

<p>Flatulence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is the primary function of the beta unit of insulin?

<p>Regulation of glucose metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of GLP-1 agonists?

<p>Inhibition of glucagon secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

<p>Hypoglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

<p>Lactic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors like Canagliflozin?

<p>Polyuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

<p>Insulin lispro (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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