Diabetes 101
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Questions and Answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

  • Type 1 DM (correct)
  • Secondary DM
  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
  • Type 2 DM

    • Which type of diabetes is a combined insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion?

  • Secondary DM
  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
  • Type 2 DM (correct)
  • Type 1 DM

    • Which of the following is a risk factor for Type 2 DM?

  • Insulin treatment
  • Diet and exercise
  • Family history (correct)
  • Impaired glucose tolerance

    • Which type of diabetes is characterized by developing during pregnancy but usually disappears after pregnancy?

    <p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general approaches to Type 2 DM treatment?

    <p>Diet and exercise modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the desired outcomes of Type 2 DM treatment?

    <p>Reduce risk of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Increases peripheral glucose utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Reduces insulin resistance in the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

    <p>Type 1 DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Prevents the breakdown of sucrose and complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Type 2 DM?

    <p>Type 2 DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Tissue resistance to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Usually &lt; 30 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Insulin is low, normal or high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Tissue resistance to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by moderate to severe symptoms such as 3Ps, fatigue, weight loss, and ketoacidosis?

    <p>Type 1 DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Increases peripheral glucose utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Edema and weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Inhibits breakdown of sucrose and complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an unwanted effect of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of meglitinides?

    <p>Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

    <p>Edema and weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of GLP-1 agonists?

    <p>Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a second-generation sulfonylurea drug used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

    <p>Glipizide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a short-acting secretagogue used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

    <p>Repaglinide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like metformin?

    <p>Increased cellular uptake of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with biguanides like metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 DM?

    <p>Habitual physical inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Improved insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a general approach to the treatment of Type 2 DM?

    <p>Dietary and exercise modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

    <p>Decreased glucose absorption from the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action for chlorpropamide, a first-generation sulfonylurea drug?

    <p>24-60 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following medications stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin?

    <p>Meglitinides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of biguanides like metformin?

    <p>Inhibition of hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

    <p>Delay of glucose absorption from the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues like repaglinide and nateglinide?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

    <p>Enhancement of insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the desired outcomes of Type 2 DM treatment?

    <p>Reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular disease complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 DM?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Reduces hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Reduces insulin resistance in the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Prevents breakdown of sucrose and complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Flatulence and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Promotes enhanced insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of GLP-1 agonists?

    <p>Increases pancreatic secretion of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

    <p>Type 1 DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Tissue resistance to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 DM?

    <p>Increased HGO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>5-10% prevalence, usually &lt; 30 years old, insulin is low, normal or high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>90% prevalence, usually &gt; 40 years old, insulin is low, normal or high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Tissue resistance to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and is formerly known as Type I Insulin Dependent DM?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues like repaglinide and nateglinide?

    <p>Early postprandial hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

    <p>NPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a method of insulin administration?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a long-acting insulin?

    <p>Glargine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of short-acting secretagogues?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors like Canagliflozin?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action for Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide agonist?

    <p>2-3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with DPP-4 inhibitors like Sitagliptin?

    <p>Vulvovaginal candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes requires the administration of insulin?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is insulin indicated in Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>During surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is used to measure insulin concentration?

    <p>Units/ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin has a short half-life?

    <p>Short-acting insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary insulin binding site?

    <p>Alpha unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the beta unit of insulin?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should insulin be administered before a meal?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

    <p>NPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a long-acting insulin?

    <p>Glargine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Phenytoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Type 2 DM?

    <p>Non-insulin-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

    <p>Increase insulin receptor sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues like repaglinide and nateglinide?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with biguanides like metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

    <p>Reduce insulin resistance in the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Increase tissue insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Insulin deficiency and autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential indication for giving insulin in Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Uncontrolled glucose level for any reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the structure of insulin?

    <p>It has alpha and beta units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary insulin binding site?

    <p>Alpha unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of insulin?

    <p>Short, only few minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time to take insulin before meals?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient takes insulin during eating, instead of before eating, what is likely to happen?

    <p>Early postprandial hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen to a person who is hungry and doesn't take their insulin shot?

    <p>High blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

    <p>NPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a long-acting insulin?

    <p>Glargine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following methods of insulin administration involves continuous subcutaneous administration of short-acting insulin using a small pump?

    <p>Insulin Pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is the recommended starting dose of insulin for a patient with Type 1 DM?

    <p>0.6 U/kg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a 50 kg patient with Type 1 DM, what would be the total daily dose of insulin?

    <p>30 U/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total daily dose of insulin is recommended for basal insulin in a patient with Type 1 DM?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect associated with biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose?

    <p>Inhibition of carbohydrate digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists) like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone?

    <p>Increase in insulin receptor sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a major adverse effect associated with short-acting secretagogues?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect associated with glitazones (PPARγ agonists)?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Flatulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is the primary function of the beta unit of insulin?

    <p>Regulation of glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a pharmacological effect of GLP-1 agonists?

    <p>Inhibition of glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of sulfonylurea drugs?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential adverse effect of metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors like Canagliflozin?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Insulin lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

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