DevOps Implementation - Week 2: Git Basics

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Questions and Answers

What command can be used to manage the stash area?

git stash -include-untracked (correct)

git stash ls (correct)

git stash clear (correct)

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for committing changes in Git?

Writing concise and informative commit messages

Committing changes that introduce a feature or fix a bug

Splitting a large task into smaller, logical chunks

Committing a half-done project (correct)

Which of the following is a valid reason to use the `.gitignore` file?

To manage the stash area

To undo changes made to a repository

To ignore specific files, directories, or file patterns (correct)

To track and version the .gitignore file itself

What is the recommended length for a Git commit message?

No longer than 50 characters (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of `git reset b`?

To revert to a specific commit (b) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which command can be used to discard all uncommitted changes in a Git repository?

git reset --hard (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of `git stash apply`?

To apply the saved changes from the stash (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid Git command to switch to a specific branch named 'feature'?

git checkout feature (C), git switch feature (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which version control system type has a server that holds the complete history of changes for the project?

Centralized Version Control System (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key advantage of distributed version control systems over centralized systems?

Ability to work offline and commit changes without needing an active network connection (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue associated with Centralized Version Control Systems?

Files become locked and inaccessible for other team members when being worked on (H) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of Git?

Centralized version control system (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the area where files are modified before they are ready to be committed in Git?

Working Directory (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the '.git' directory in a Git repository?

To store the commit history and other metadata about the repository (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'git clone' used for?

To create a copy of an existing Git repository (D) Signup and view all the answers

In Git, what is a commit?

A version of the project, containing all the files and their state at a specific point in time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common use case for a feature branch in Git?

To experiment with new features or bug fixes without impacting the production codebase (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can you undo the last commit in Git?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to compare the content in the working area and the index area?

git diff (D) Signup and view all the answers

When using `git reset` with the `--mixed` option, what happens to the working tree and the index?

Only the index is reset to the specified commit; the working tree remains unchanged. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to undo changes in the working directory and revert to a specific commit, discarding any commits made after that one?

git reset (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the `git add` command?

To move changes from the working directory to the staging area. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which command reverts changes made by a specific commit and creates a new commit to represent the reversal?

git revert (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between `git reset --soft` and `git reset --mixed`?

git reset --soft does not touch the index or the working tree, while git reset --mixed resets the index but not the working tree. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can you view the changes made in a specific commit?

git show (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DevOps Implementation - Week 2: Version Control with Git

The topic for week 2 is Version Control using Git
The objectives are to study Version Control Systems (VCS) and Git fundamentals.

What is Version Control?

Version control manages multiple versions of a project.
Every change (addition, modification, removal) to project files needs to be tracked.
Changes can be undone and recovered.
The tool for version control is called a Version Control System.

Different Types of Version Control Systems

Local Version Control System: Stores the change history locally in a single database, impacting team work significantly.
Source Code Control System (SCCS): A popular system developed by AT&T in the 1970s.
Centralized Version Control System: Stores change history on a single server. Clients (authors) connect to access the system. Files are locked when being used, limiting concurrent work.
Distributed Version Control System (DVCS): Similar to centralized systems, but every client has a full copy (clone) of the repository. This allows for efficient teamwork, as every collaborator can operate on and potentially update projects concurrently. Branching and merging work becomes far more efficient compared to centralized systems, as each developer has a local copy allowing for easier, smoother collaborations. This facilitates faster development cycles when compared to other systems.

Centralized VCS vs. Distributed VCS

Centralized systems require network connection for operations.
Distributed systems mostly do not rely on constant network access, allowing for offline work.
Operations like adding, editing, deleting, checking in/out, branching, and merging occur differently between the two. Centralized systems have distinct checkout/checkin processes, unlike distributed systems which are more fluid in terms of operations performed on files and branches.
Server awareness in centralized systems is direct and immediate. Distributed systems don't have immediate awareness of remote changes until they are 'pushed' into the centralized repository.

Git

Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 as a replacement for BitKeeper.
Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is a command-line system using checksums to guarantee data integrity.
Git is cross-platform, open-source, and free. Downloadable from https://git-scm.com/download/

Git Popularity

Git is very popular, accounting for a large portion of version control use.

Install & Setup Git

Download Git from https://git-scm.com/downloads

Some Key Terms in Git

Repository: A storage for projects and all changes made.
For each project, you create a repository using git init or git clone.
Working Directory: The current project's working area.
Files exist in the working directory.
Staging Area (Index): A temporary place where files are placed before permanent inclusion in a commit.
Commit: A snapshot of a project's state at a specific time. Changes which are prepared (staging area) are integrated into a snapshot (commit) after which the staging area is prepared for the next round of commits.
Stash: Temporarily stores changes to your working copy that you might want to preserve but aren't ready to commit yet.

Git's 4 Areas

Data movement occurs between different regions; Working Directory; Staging Area; and the Repository.

A Simple Git Workflow Example

Actions are performed to track files within a project (adding new files or modifying existing ones), stage them for commits, and commit these changes, after which the current project state is recorded in the git repository.

Check commit log

Checking the commit log is a crucial feature of Git to see a history of all commits made in the repository.
Commands are used to inspect commit data effectively.

View Previous Versions

Git show is used to inspect and view specific commits. The name or the first 7 letters of the commit are used to identify.

Manage Commits -- revert

git revert reverses specific changes from a commit.
A new revert commit is created with inverse changes from the original commit.

Manage commits - reset

git reset is used to revert to a previous commit, discarding all newer commits.
Modes (soft, mixed, hard) determine how the reset works.

Git reset vs Git checkout

git checkout switches between different branches or specific commits.
git reset changes the commit history by discarding future commits

Stash

Git stash is used to preserve local changes for later use.
Commands are used to manage stash data.

.gitignore File

The .gitignore file is used by Git to track changes and determine what files should not be tracked. This aids in keeping large, unchanging resources separate from the tracked project history.

Git Commit Best Practices

Each commit should be atomic (single, self-contained).
Split complex tasks into smaller, logical chunks for committing.
Commit messages should be clear, concise, and descriptive.

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Description

In this quiz, you'll explore the fundamentals of Version Control Systems (VCS) with a focus on Git. Learn about various types of version control systems, their history, and how they help manage project files efficiently. Test your understanding and application of these concepts essential for DevOps.