Developmental Theorists Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the formal operations stage?

11 years to adulthood, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and systematically.

Period 1 (birth-2 years) is known as the ______ period.

sensorimotor

Period 3 (7-11 years) is known as ______ operations.

concrete

In Havighurst's developmental tasks, 'infancy and early childhood' spans ages ______ years.

birth to 5 Signup and view all the answers

Havighurst identifies six major age periods. The period of 'Adolescence' covers ages ______.

12 to 18 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Havighurst's developmental tasks with their age periods:

Infancy and Early Childhood = birth to 5 years Middle Childhood = 6 to 12 years Adolescence = 12 to 18 years Early Adulthood = 19 to 29 years Middle Adulthood = 30 to 60 years Late Adulthood = 61 years and beyond Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the midlife transition occur according to Levinson's Seasons of Life theory?

40 Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory identifies four conditions necessary for effective modeling of behaviors: attention, retention, reproduction, and ______.

motivation Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory states that behavior is influenced solely by inherited traits.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that the body gradually deteriorates like a machine?

Wear and Tear Theory Signup and view all the answers

What are free radicals?

Highly reactive chemicals formed in the presence of oxygen that can cause cellular abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

Eight stages of psychosocial development where each stage involves a specific conflict that must be resolved for emotional progress. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's infancy stage?

Birth to 1 year, trust vs. mistrust. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's toddler stage?

18 months to 3 years, autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's preschool stage?

3 to 5 years, initiative vs. guilt. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's school age stage?

6 to 11 years, industry vs. inferiority. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's adolescence stage?

12 to 18 years, identity vs. role confusion. Signup and view all the answers

What are Erikson's adulthood stages?

Intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic conflict in intimacy vs. isolation?

Ages 18-35 years; developing meaningful relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during generativity vs. stagnation?

Ages 35-55; supporting future generations. Signup and view all the answers

What is ego integrity vs. despair about?

65 years to death; reviewing life and accepting its finality. Signup and view all the answers

Where can Erikson's theory be applied?

In pediatric settings. Signup and view all the answers

What is regression in the context of developmental theory?

A defense mechanism where behavior reverts to earlier stages. Signup and view all the answers

What implications does Erikson's theory have for nursing?

Educate parents about regression. Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development focus on?

The unconscious mind and motivations for actions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic components of personality according to Freud?

Id, ego, and superego. Signup and view all the answers

What are Freud's five stages of psychosexual development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Freud's oral stage?

Birth to 18 months; pleasure focuses on the mouth. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Freud's anal stage?

18-36 months; focus on toilet training. Signup and view all the answers

What is Freud's phallic stage known for?

3-6 years; curiosity about genitalia and exploration of sexuality. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Freud's latency stage?

6 years to puberty; sexuality is less prominent. Signup and view all the answers

What is Freud's genital stage?

Puberty onwards; development of adult sexual interests. Signup and view all the answers

What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A stage theory that parallels cognitive development stages. Signup and view all the answers

What are Kohlberg's seven stages of moral development?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional levels. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Kohlberg's Level 1: Preconventional Morality?

Morality based on consequences; ages up to 7. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Stage 0 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality?

Naivety and egocentrism where behavior is dictated by punishment fear. Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized in Kohlberg's Stage 1 of Preconventional Morality?

Right or wrong determined by physical consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality involve?

Self-interest guides behavior; an eye for an eye orientation. Signup and view all the answers

What defines Kohlberg's Level 2: Conventional Morality?

Good behavior is approved by authorities; ages 7-12. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Conventional Morality?

Morality based on maintaining approval and disapproval. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Stage 4 of Kohlberg's Conventional Morality?

Obeying rules to maintain social order. Signup and view all the answers

What does Kohlberg's Level 3: Morality of Self-Accepted Moral Principles involve?

Focus on individual rights and helping the greater good; starts in adolescence. Signup and view all the answers

What is Stage 5 of Kohlberg's Level 3?

Social contract orientation where decisions are made for the majority's benefit. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Kohlberg's Stage 6?

Personal principle orientation where actions are based on individual moral beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Kohlberg's Stage 7?

Universal principle orientation; few achieve this stage. Signup and view all the answers

What must nurses understand about Kohlberg's moral theory?

They need to guide parents about their children's moral development. Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory examine?

The stages of intellectual growth from infancy to adolescence. Signup and view all the answers

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?

Birth to 2 years; infants learn through their senses and movement. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the preoperational stage?

2 to 7 years; thinking is dominated by perception and egocentrism. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the concrete operations stage?

7 to 11 years; children can think logically and understand others' viewpoints. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Consists of eight stages of psychosocial development that span across a person's lifetime.
Each stage presents a central conflict that must be resolved for healthy emotional development.
Development is impacted by social and cultural factors.

Infancy Stage (Trust vs. Mistrust)

Occurs from birth to 1 year.
Establishment of trust is crucial; reliable care leads to a positive worldview.
Characterized by hope.

Toddler Stage (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt)

Ages 18 months to 3 years.
Children begin to assert independence through choices in self-care tasks.
Control over bodily functions fosters autonomy.

Preschool Stage (Initiative vs. Guilt)

Ages 3 to 5 years.
Children engage in imaginative play and begin forming a superego.
Conflicts may arise from desires to explore within imposed limits, often leading to guilt.

School Age Stage (Industry vs. Inferiority)

Ages 6 to 11 years.
Focus on learning and social competence in academic and interpersonal realms.
Children thrive on achievements and recognition but may feel inadequate without support.

Adolescence Stage (Identity vs. Role Confusion)

Ages 12 to 18 years.
Marked by physical and emotional transformations; focus on self-identity.
Peer influence becomes significant as individuals navigate future choices.

Adulthood Stages

Includes three significant conflicts:
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years): Development of deep relationships.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-55 years): Contribution to society and future generations.
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 years and older): Reflection on life leading to fulfillment or regret.

Regression

A defense mechanism where individuals revert to behaviors of earlier developmental stages during stress.
Example: A child who starts thumb-sucking again due to anxiety.

Nursing Implications of Erikson’s Theory

Nurses should prepare parents for potential regression in children due to stress.
Emphasize the normativity of regression and encourage supportive responses from parents.

Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development

Focuses on the influences of the unconscious mind and early experiences on personality.
Identified three components of personality: id, ego, and superego.
Consists of five psychosexual stages demonstrating shifting focus of sexual energy.

Id

Present at birth and operates based on pleasure principles demanding instant gratification.

Ego

Develops later; operates on reality principles to satisfy id’s needs realistically.

Superego

Develops through internalization of societal standards and represents moral conscience.

Five Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oral Stage (Birth-18 months): Focus on oral gratification through sucking and exploration.
Anal Stage (18-36 months): Focus on bladder and bowel control during toilet training.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Exploration of genitalia; introduction of Oedipal and Electra complexes.
Latency Stage (6 to puberty): Sexuality is less prominent; friendships and peer relationships form.
Genital Stage (puberty onward): Sexual interest intensifies; focus on mature relationships.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Consists of stages of moral development closely aligned with cognitive development theory.
Emphasizes understanding the rationale behind actions rather than just identifying right or wrong.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Level 1: Preconventional Morality - guided by consequences and egocentrism (Stages 0-2).
Level 2: Conventional Morality - focus on social acceptance and authority (Stages 3-4).
Level 3: Postconventional Morality - guided by internal principles and universal ethics (Stages 5-7).

Nursing Implications of Kohlberg’s Moral Theory

Nurses must understand children’s moral progression to guide parents in interpreting behaviors and expectations.

Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory

Identifies four stages of intellectual growth from infancy to adolescence.
Highlights the differences between children's thinking processes and adult reasoning.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years): Navigating the world through sensory exploration and object permanence.
Preoperational (2-7 years): Developing language; thinking is egocentric and illogical.
Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking emerges with the ability to understand different viewpoints.
Formal Operational (11 years and up): Ability to think abstractly and use deductive reasoning.

Summary of Piaget's 4 Cognitive Developmental Periods

Sensorimotor: Reflexive behavior; development of object permanence.
Preoperational: Magical thinking, egocentrism, and perception-driven judgments.
Concrete Operations: Logical thought formation regarding concrete objects.
Formal Operations: Use of abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

Nursing Implications of Piaget's Theory

Adapt teaching strategies based on the child’s cognitive level to foster effective learning and participation.### Understanding Child Development in Nursing
Nurses must recognize the varying cognitive abilities of children based on age.
Engagement with children should utilize developmentally appropriate activities to enhance learning.
Understanding fears related to treatment requires a cognitive basis and effective intervention strategies.

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks Theory

Developmental tasks arise at specific life stages crucial for personal growth and future achievements.
Successful completion of tasks leads to new opportunities, while failure can result in inadequacy.
Tasks originate from physical changes, personal experiences, and societal expectations.

Age Periods and Developmental Tasks

Infancy and Early Childhood (birth-5 years): Key tasks include food intake, walking, language development, and understanding gender differences.
Middle Childhood (6-12 years): Focuses on social interactions, conscience, morality, and personal independence.
Adolescence (12-18 years): Involves preparation for relationships and careers, value acquisition, and socially responsible behavior.
Early Adulthood (19-29 years): Centers on partner selection, family formation, career establishment, and civic responsibilities.
Middle Adulthood (30-60 years): Includes fulfilling social duties, maintaining a lifestyle, supporting children, and coping with aging.
Late Adulthood (61+ years): Involves adjusting to health changes, retirement, living arrangements, and social responsibilities.

Westerhoff's Theory of Faith Development

Faith as behavior encompasses knowing, being, and willing, with four progression styles: experienced, affiliative, searching, and owned faith.
Experienced Faith (3-5 years): Children learn faith through observation and experience.
Affiliative Faith (6-18 years): Involvement in community activities fosters faith.
Searching Faith (19-25 years): Characterized by doubt, experimentation, and commitment to personal faith.
Owned Faith (25+ years): Individuals fully embrace and wish to share their beliefs.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory

Personality development results from environmental influences rather than inherited traits.
Operant conditioning shapes behavior through reinforcement, which can be positive or negative.
Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior via positive consequences.
Negative reinforcement enhances behavior through the removal of unpleasant stimuli.

Emphasizes learning through interactions and imitation, influenced by cognitive, environmental, and behavioral factors.
Effective modeling requires four conditions: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Attention is affected by the situation’s complexity and observer traits.
Retention involves storing information for future recall using mental imagery.
Reproduction is the ability to replicate observed behaviors.
Motivation drives the desire to imitate behaviors influenced by various factors including perceived rewards.

Levinson's Seasons of Life

Middle adulthood transitions occur at ages 40-45, with a shift toward self-evaluation and potential life changes.
Key developmental tasks include balancing youth and aging, reevaluation of life choices, and integrating gender aspects into identity.

Gould's Theory on Adult Development

Adulthood involves dismantling childhood illusions to establish personal identity over distinct age stages.
Stages: leaving parental influences (18-22), entering adulthood (22-28), questioning (28-34), midlife (34-43), reconciliation (43-50), stability (50-60).
Four false assumptions adults need to confront include dependency on parents, control over life simplicity, and misconceptions about mortality.

Theories of Aging

Cross-Linking Theory: Connective tissue proteins form bonds leading to decreased elasticity, causing various health issues.
Free Radicals: Highly reactive chemicals that contribute to cellular abnormalities associated with aging and related disorders.
Wear and Tear Theory: Proposes gradual deterioration of the body due to overuse, toxins, and environmental stresses, impacting both cellular and organ levels.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore key concepts from Erikson's Psychosocial Theory with this flashcard quiz. Each card highlights important stages and conflicts that shape personality across the lifespan. Test your knowledge on the eight stages of development and their significance.