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Questions and Answers
What is the formal operations stage?
What is the formal operations stage?
11 years to adulthood, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and systematically.
Period 1 (birth-2 years) is known as the ______ period.
Period 1 (birth-2 years) is known as the ______ period.
sensorimotor
Period 3 (7-11 years) is known as ______ operations.
Period 3 (7-11 years) is known as ______ operations.
concrete
In Havighurst's developmental tasks, 'infancy and early childhood' spans ages ______ years.
In Havighurst's developmental tasks, 'infancy and early childhood' spans ages ______ years.
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Havighurst identifies six major age periods. The period of 'Adolescence' covers ages ______.
Havighurst identifies six major age periods. The period of 'Adolescence' covers ages ______.
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Match the following Havighurst's developmental tasks with their age periods:
Match the following Havighurst's developmental tasks with their age periods:
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At what age does the midlife transition occur according to Levinson's Seasons of Life theory?
At what age does the midlife transition occur according to Levinson's Seasons of Life theory?
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory identifies four conditions necessary for effective modeling of behaviors: attention, retention, reproduction, and ______.
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory identifies four conditions necessary for effective modeling of behaviors: attention, retention, reproduction, and ______.
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True or False: Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory states that behavior is influenced solely by inherited traits.
True or False: Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory states that behavior is influenced solely by inherited traits.
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Which theory suggests that the body gradually deteriorates like a machine?
Which theory suggests that the body gradually deteriorates like a machine?
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What are free radicals?
What are free radicals?
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What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
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What is Erikson's infancy stage?
What is Erikson's infancy stage?
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What is Erikson's toddler stage?
What is Erikson's toddler stage?
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What is Erikson's preschool stage?
What is Erikson's preschool stage?
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What is Erikson's school age stage?
What is Erikson's school age stage?
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What is Erikson's adolescence stage?
What is Erikson's adolescence stage?
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What are Erikson's adulthood stages?
What are Erikson's adulthood stages?
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What is the basic conflict in intimacy vs. isolation?
What is the basic conflict in intimacy vs. isolation?
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What happens during generativity vs. stagnation?
What happens during generativity vs. stagnation?
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What is ego integrity vs. despair about?
What is ego integrity vs. despair about?
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Where can Erikson's theory be applied?
Where can Erikson's theory be applied?
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What is regression in the context of developmental theory?
What is regression in the context of developmental theory?
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What implications does Erikson's theory have for nursing?
What implications does Erikson's theory have for nursing?
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What does Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development focus on?
What does Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development focus on?
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What are the three basic components of personality according to Freud?
What are the three basic components of personality according to Freud?
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What are Freud's five stages of psychosexual development?
What are Freud's five stages of psychosexual development?
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What characterizes Freud's oral stage?
What characterizes Freud's oral stage?
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What occurs during Freud's anal stage?
What occurs during Freud's anal stage?
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What is Freud's phallic stage known for?
What is Freud's phallic stage known for?
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What happens during Freud's latency stage?
What happens during Freud's latency stage?
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What is Freud's genital stage?
What is Freud's genital stage?
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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What are Kohlberg's seven stages of moral development?
What are Kohlberg's seven stages of moral development?
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What characterizes Kohlberg's Level 1: Preconventional Morality?
What characterizes Kohlberg's Level 1: Preconventional Morality?
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What happens during Stage 0 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality?
What happens during Stage 0 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality?
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What is characterized in Kohlberg's Stage 1 of Preconventional Morality?
What is characterized in Kohlberg's Stage 1 of Preconventional Morality?
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What does Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality involve?
What does Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality involve?
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What defines Kohlberg's Level 2: Conventional Morality?
What defines Kohlberg's Level 2: Conventional Morality?
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What occurs during Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Conventional Morality?
What occurs during Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Conventional Morality?
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What is the focus of Stage 4 of Kohlberg's Conventional Morality?
What is the focus of Stage 4 of Kohlberg's Conventional Morality?
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What does Kohlberg's Level 3: Morality of Self-Accepted Moral Principles involve?
What does Kohlberg's Level 3: Morality of Self-Accepted Moral Principles involve?
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What is Stage 5 of Kohlberg's Level 3?
What is Stage 5 of Kohlberg's Level 3?
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What characterizes Kohlberg's Stage 6?
What characterizes Kohlberg's Stage 6?
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What is the significance of Kohlberg's Stage 7?
What is the significance of Kohlberg's Stage 7?
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What must nurses understand about Kohlberg's moral theory?
What must nurses understand about Kohlberg's moral theory?
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What does Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory examine?
What does Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory examine?
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What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?
What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?
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What characterizes the preoperational stage?
What characterizes the preoperational stage?
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What happens during the concrete operations stage?
What happens during the concrete operations stage?
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Study Notes
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Consists of eight stages of psychosocial development that span across a person's lifetime.
- Each stage presents a central conflict that must be resolved for healthy emotional development.
- Development is impacted by social and cultural factors.
Infancy Stage (Trust vs. Mistrust)
- Occurs from birth to 1 year.
- Establishment of trust is crucial; reliable care leads to a positive worldview.
- Characterized by hope.
Toddler Stage (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt)
- Ages 18 months to 3 years.
- Children begin to assert independence through choices in self-care tasks.
- Control over bodily functions fosters autonomy.
Preschool Stage (Initiative vs. Guilt)
- Ages 3 to 5 years.
- Children engage in imaginative play and begin forming a superego.
- Conflicts may arise from desires to explore within imposed limits, often leading to guilt.
School Age Stage (Industry vs. Inferiority)
- Ages 6 to 11 years.
- Focus on learning and social competence in academic and interpersonal realms.
- Children thrive on achievements and recognition but may feel inadequate without support.
Adolescence Stage (Identity vs. Role Confusion)
- Ages 12 to 18 years.
- Marked by physical and emotional transformations; focus on self-identity.
- Peer influence becomes significant as individuals navigate future choices.
Adulthood Stages
- Includes three significant conflicts:
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years): Development of deep relationships.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-55 years): Contribution to society and future generations.
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 years and older): Reflection on life leading to fulfillment or regret.
Regression
- A defense mechanism where individuals revert to behaviors of earlier developmental stages during stress.
- Example: A child who starts thumb-sucking again due to anxiety.
Nursing Implications of Erikson’s Theory
- Nurses should prepare parents for potential regression in children due to stress.
- Emphasize the normativity of regression and encourage supportive responses from parents.
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development
- Focuses on the influences of the unconscious mind and early experiences on personality.
- Identified three components of personality: id, ego, and superego.
- Consists of five psychosexual stages demonstrating shifting focus of sexual energy.
Id
- Present at birth and operates based on pleasure principles demanding instant gratification.
Ego
- Develops later; operates on reality principles to satisfy id’s needs realistically.
Superego
- Develops through internalization of societal standards and represents moral conscience.
Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
- Oral Stage (Birth-18 months): Focus on oral gratification through sucking and exploration.
- Anal Stage (18-36 months): Focus on bladder and bowel control during toilet training.
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Exploration of genitalia; introduction of Oedipal and Electra complexes.
- Latency Stage (6 to puberty): Sexuality is less prominent; friendships and peer relationships form.
- Genital Stage (puberty onward): Sexual interest intensifies; focus on mature relationships.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
- Consists of stages of moral development closely aligned with cognitive development theory.
- Emphasizes understanding the rationale behind actions rather than just identifying right or wrong.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Level 1: Preconventional Morality - guided by consequences and egocentrism (Stages 0-2).
- Level 2: Conventional Morality - focus on social acceptance and authority (Stages 3-4).
- Level 3: Postconventional Morality - guided by internal principles and universal ethics (Stages 5-7).
Nursing Implications of Kohlberg’s Moral Theory
- Nurses must understand children’s moral progression to guide parents in interpreting behaviors and expectations.
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Identifies four stages of intellectual growth from infancy to adolescence.
- Highlights the differences between children's thinking processes and adult reasoning.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years): Navigating the world through sensory exploration and object permanence.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Developing language; thinking is egocentric and illogical.
- Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking emerges with the ability to understand different viewpoints.
- Formal Operational (11 years and up): Ability to think abstractly and use deductive reasoning.
Summary of Piaget's 4 Cognitive Developmental Periods
- Sensorimotor: Reflexive behavior; development of object permanence.
- Preoperational: Magical thinking, egocentrism, and perception-driven judgments.
- Concrete Operations: Logical thought formation regarding concrete objects.
- Formal Operations: Use of abstract and hypothetical reasoning.
Nursing Implications of Piaget's Theory
- Adapt teaching strategies based on the child’s cognitive level to foster effective learning and participation.### Understanding Child Development in Nursing
- Nurses must recognize the varying cognitive abilities of children based on age.
- Engagement with children should utilize developmentally appropriate activities to enhance learning.
- Understanding fears related to treatment requires a cognitive basis and effective intervention strategies.
Havighurst's Developmental Tasks Theory
- Developmental tasks arise at specific life stages crucial for personal growth and future achievements.
- Successful completion of tasks leads to new opportunities, while failure can result in inadequacy.
- Tasks originate from physical changes, personal experiences, and societal expectations.
Age Periods and Developmental Tasks
- Infancy and Early Childhood (birth-5 years): Key tasks include food intake, walking, language development, and understanding gender differences.
- Middle Childhood (6-12 years): Focuses on social interactions, conscience, morality, and personal independence.
- Adolescence (12-18 years): Involves preparation for relationships and careers, value acquisition, and socially responsible behavior.
- Early Adulthood (19-29 years): Centers on partner selection, family formation, career establishment, and civic responsibilities.
- Middle Adulthood (30-60 years): Includes fulfilling social duties, maintaining a lifestyle, supporting children, and coping with aging.
- Late Adulthood (61+ years): Involves adjusting to health changes, retirement, living arrangements, and social responsibilities.
Westerhoff's Theory of Faith Development
- Faith as behavior encompasses knowing, being, and willing, with four progression styles: experienced, affiliative, searching, and owned faith.
- Experienced Faith (3-5 years): Children learn faith through observation and experience.
- Affiliative Faith (6-18 years): Involvement in community activities fosters faith.
- Searching Faith (19-25 years): Characterized by doubt, experimentation, and commitment to personal faith.
- Owned Faith (25+ years): Individuals fully embrace and wish to share their beliefs.
Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory
- Personality development results from environmental influences rather than inherited traits.
- Operant conditioning shapes behavior through reinforcement, which can be positive or negative.
- Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior via positive consequences.
- Negative reinforcement enhances behavior through the removal of unpleasant stimuli.
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
- Emphasizes learning through interactions and imitation, influenced by cognitive, environmental, and behavioral factors.
- Effective modeling requires four conditions: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
- Attention is affected by the situation’s complexity and observer traits.
- Retention involves storing information for future recall using mental imagery.
- Reproduction is the ability to replicate observed behaviors.
- Motivation drives the desire to imitate behaviors influenced by various factors including perceived rewards.
Levinson's Seasons of Life
- Middle adulthood transitions occur at ages 40-45, with a shift toward self-evaluation and potential life changes.
- Key developmental tasks include balancing youth and aging, reevaluation of life choices, and integrating gender aspects into identity.
Gould's Theory on Adult Development
- Adulthood involves dismantling childhood illusions to establish personal identity over distinct age stages.
- Stages: leaving parental influences (18-22), entering adulthood (22-28), questioning (28-34), midlife (34-43), reconciliation (43-50), stability (50-60).
- Four false assumptions adults need to confront include dependency on parents, control over life simplicity, and misconceptions about mortality.
Theories of Aging
- Cross-Linking Theory: Connective tissue proteins form bonds leading to decreased elasticity, causing various health issues.
- Free Radicals: Highly reactive chemicals that contribute to cellular abnormalities associated with aging and related disorders.
- Wear and Tear Theory: Proposes gradual deterioration of the body due to overuse, toxins, and environmental stresses, impacting both cellular and organ levels.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Erikson's Psychosocial Theory with this flashcard quiz. Each card highlights important stages and conflicts that shape personality across the lifespan. Test your knowledge on the eight stages of development and their significance.