Developmental Science Quiz

A set of related ideas explaining behavior and predicting future actions under specific situations. Theories provide a framework to guide research, creating a base for testing hypotheses.

A tentative explanation that can be tested through further research. It's a prediction that researchers try to prove or disprove.

A model of development that views humans as active in shaping their own development, initiating change rather than just reacting to it.

A model of development that views humans as passive, reacting to environmental stimuli. It emphasizes quantitative changes in behavior.

Learning where behavior is influenced by consequences (reinforcement or punishment).

Development that occurs gradually, with small changes over time. Same processes are involved in change.

Increases the likelihood of a behavior repeating.

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior repeating.

Learning by observing and imitating others.

Children's cognitive development occurs in distinct stages, with each stage characterized by specific ways of thinking.

Fitting new information into existing mental frameworks.

People influence the environment, and the environment influences people, in a two-way process.

Changing mental frameworks to fit new information.

Freud's stages of development focusing on unconscious conflicts related to pleasure seeking and societal demands.

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development (birth to 18 months), focusing on satisfaction of oral needs.

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development (12–18 months to 3 years old), focusing on toilet training and control.

A learning process where the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased based on its consequences (rewards or punishments).

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, triggering a similar response.

A perspective in psychology emphasizing the role of unconscious desires, conflicts, and early childhood experiences in personality development

A theory of development that highlights the impact of social interactions, and the resolution of crises at each stage across the entire lifespan.

Focuses upon the impact of how experiences change our behaviours and learning throughout our lives. This is achieved through observations and practices

A smaller group selected from a larger population, used to study the entire population efficiently.

Observing behavior in a natural setting without interfering.

Each member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample.

An objective description of an abstract idea in terms that can be measured. For example, defining intelligence as a score on an IQ test.

Watching behavior in a controlled setting to identify causes.

Focuses on the mental processes between stimulus and response, often using flowcharts to model these processes. Views development as continuous, unlike Piaget.

Emphasizes specific concepts, strategies, and skills in development, like understanding numbers and comparisons.

Uses Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to explain how traits are passed down and adapted to environments.

Research method using numerical data, like standardized tests and physiological changes, for objective measurement.

Understanding development within its social environment, considering elements like home, classroom, and neighborhood. Looks at how context promotes or hinders growth.

Understanding and managing emotions, both your own and others'.

Observing and describing patterns of a culture's practices and beliefs through participation.

In-depth study of a single individual or small group, providing detailed information.

Examining relationships and connections between variables without determining cause.

Controlled study designed to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable.

Variable measured to observe the effect of the independent variable.

Moral principles guiding research practices concerning participants' well-being.

Different people at different ages are studied at the same point in time.

Procedure where participants have an equal chance of being assigned to experimental or control groups.