Developmental Science Quiz

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What is one purpose of theories in developmental science?

To eliminate the need for hypotheses.

To provide an unchangeable set of rules for behavior.

To describe and explain behavior. (correct)

To restrict research methods used in studies.

Which model suggests that children are influenced primarily by their environment?

Constructivist Model

Interactional Model

Mechanistic Model (correct)

Organismic Model

What is a common pitfall in cross-cultural comparisons in research?

Overgeneralizing findings across different cultures. (correct)

Limited linguistic barriers.

Incorporating ethical guidelines.

Using a wide variety of research methods.

In the context of human development theories, what does the term discontinuous refer to?

A process that involves sudden qualitative changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is one ethical concern that may arise in research on humans?

Informed consent from participants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a sample rather than studying the entire population?

Efficiency in gathering information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes random selection in sampling?

Every individual has an equal chance of selection Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using naturalistic observation as a data collection method?

The researcher is unaware of all potential influences on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does observer bias refer to in laboratory observation?

The inclination to interpret data based on expectations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines the reliability of a measure?

It is consistently reproducible over time Signup and view all the answers

What does the Information-Processing Approach primarily infer about cognitive functioning?

It focuses on the continuous process between stimulus and response. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is central to the Contextual Approach in understanding development?

Social contexts that influence growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of Evolutionary Theory as it relates to adaptations?

Survival of the fittest emphasizes innate traits suited to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which method does quantitative research primarily rely on?

Objectively measurable data and standardized tests. Signup and view all the answers

How does Evolutionary Psychology explain the interaction of biology and environment?

It indicates that mechanisms evolved to solve problems related to survival and genetic legacy. Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the Id operate on according to Freudian theory?

Pleasure Principle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of organismic theories of development?

Qualitative change Signup and view all the answers

What crisis is associated with the infant stage in Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Freud's Psychosexual Theory involves the development of mature adult sexuality?

Genital Stage Signup and view all the answers

What behavior does classical conditioning exemplify in learning theory?

Response to external stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What effect does operant conditioning aim to produce through behavior modifications?

Reinforcement of desired behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major perspectives in development?

Experiential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary task during the Anal Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?

Potty Training Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Positive and Negative Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between a person and their environment?

Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development?

Equilibration Signup and view all the answers

What does observational learning involve according to social cognitive theory?

Imitating behaviors of chosen models Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Piaget's theory, what does the term 'scheme' refer to?

An organized pattern of behavior Signup and view all the answers

What important concept introduced by Vygotsky highlights the role of social interaction in child development?

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Signup and view all the answers

What type of punishment involves adding something aversive to decrease behavior?

Positive Punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process allows for the incorporation of new information into existing mental structures?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of case studies?

They cannot establish cause and effect. Signup and view all the answers

Which research design allows researchers to study individuals over time?

Longitudinal design Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal of random assignment in experiments?

To equalize unintentional differences between groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of correlational studies?

They enable predictions of relationships. Signup and view all the answers

In ethnographic studies, what common issue can affect the findings?

Observer bias. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the independent variable in an experiment?

Something controlled by the experimenter. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a controlled experiment?

It allows for greater control over cause and effect. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is essential for researchers in psychology?

Right to informed consent from participants. Signup and view all the answers

Which research design can involve studying multiple groups simultaneously?

Cross-sectional design Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers aim to achieve through compliance with ethical guidelines?

Balance research benefits against participant risks. Signup and view all the answers