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What is developmental psychology?
What is developmental psychology?
The scientific study of how and why people change over their life span in cognitive, emotional, social, and physical domains.
What are the two main themes in developmental psychology?
What are the two main themes in developmental psychology?
Nature and nurture, and continuity and stages.
Which of these is NOT a research method used in developmental psychology?
Which of these is NOT a research method used in developmental psychology?
What is the primary purpose of longitudinal research?
What is the primary purpose of longitudinal research?
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What does the term "teratogen" refer to?
What does the term "teratogen" refer to?
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The "visual cliff" experiment is used to assess an infant's understanding of object permanence.
The "visual cliff" experiment is used to assess an infant's understanding of object permanence.
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What major developmental milestone marks the transition to sexual maturity?
What major developmental milestone marks the transition to sexual maturity?
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What are the different types of attachment styles?
What are the different types of attachment styles?
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What is the term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance?
What is the term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance?
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What are the key contributions of Lev Vygotsky to developmental psychology?
What are the key contributions of Lev Vygotsky to developmental psychology?
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What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
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What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?
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What are the key concepts of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
What are the key concepts of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
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What are the primary characteristics of authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting styles?
What are the primary characteristics of authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting styles?
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What does "temperament" refer to in the context of child development?
What does "temperament" refer to in the context of child development?
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Imprinting is a type of learning primarily observed in humans.
Imprinting is a type of learning primarily observed in humans.
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Contact comfort is essential for emotional development, particularly during infancy.
Contact comfort is essential for emotional development, particularly during infancy.
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What are the different stages of early language development?
What are the different stages of early language development?
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What is the term for a specific time in early childhood when the brain is especially capable of learning language fluently?
What is the term for a specific time in early childhood when the brain is especially capable of learning language fluently?
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What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes in language?
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes in language?
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What is the primary focus of "semantics" in the study of language?
What is the primary focus of "semantics" in the study of language?
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Grammar is a set of rules that govern how words are combined to form meaningful sentences.
Grammar is a set of rules that govern how words are combined to form meaningful sentences.
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What does "syntax" refer to in the context of language?
What does "syntax" refer to in the context of language?
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"Cooing" is a late stage in language development, typically observed around age two.
"Cooing" is a late stage in language development, typically observed around age two.
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What is the primary focus of the "claim challenge" activity in language development?
What is the primary focus of the "claim challenge" activity in language development?
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What is the key concept of the "ecological systems theory"?
What is the key concept of the "ecological systems theory"?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology Themes
- Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why people change throughout their lifespan, encompassing cognitive, emotional, social, and physical domains.
- Nature and nurture interact to shape development. Studies on twins raised in different environments show enriched settings enhancing intellectual abilities, even with constant genetic factors.
- Continuity vs. stages. Development can be a gradual process, such as language skills improving progressively, or occur in distinct phases, such as significant milestones marking changes.
- Stability vs. change. Some traits persist over time (stability), while others evolve (change). A shy child may remain reserved as a teen but develop coping mechanisms.
Research Methods
- Longitudinal research follows the same individuals over time to observe long-term effects. Examples include tracking preschoolers' educational outcomes from kindergarten to high school
- Cross-sectional research compares individuals of different ages at the same time to identify developmental patterns. For example comparing cognitive abilities in children, adults, and seniors to see changes across different ages.
Prenatal Development
- Prenatal development encompasses growth and development of a fetus from conception to birth.
- Teratogens are harmful substances that can cause developmental issues or birth defects, impacting the fetus. Examples include alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.
- Environmental pollutants, infections (like rubella or Zika virus), can also cause problems.
Reflexes
- Reflexes are automatic, instinctual responses in newborns. Examples include the rooting reflex (turning the head toward a cheek touch to locate food), and grasping reflex (clenching a caregiver's finger).
Maturation
- Maturation is a biological process of orderly changes in behavior and physical growth, driven by genetics. A child progresses naturally from crawling to walking, demonstrating this predictability.
Developmental Milestones
- Developmental milestones reflect progress in physical, cognitive, and social development. Examples include crawling, babbling, and attachment in infancy or developing abstract thinking and moral reasoning in adolescence.
Sensitive Periods
- Sensitive periods are critical times during early development when the brain is receptive to learning specific skills. A child exposed to language early in life may develop fluency more easily.
Fine and Gross Motor Skills
- Fine motor skills involve control of small muscles for precision tasks (like writing or buttoning).
- Gross motor skills involve use of large muscles for broader movements (like jumping or running).
Visual Cliff
- The visual cliff is an experiment measuring depth perception in infants. Infants may hesitate to crawl over the glass surface, demonstrating early depth perception.
Puberty
- Puberty is a stage of physical and hormonal changes leading to sexual maturity. Boys experience voice deepening and facial hair growth; girls experience menstruation and widening hips.
Adolescent Growth Spurt
- Adolescent growth spurt is a period of rapid increase in height and weight during puberty, driven by hormonal changes.
Menopause
- Menopause is the natural end of a woman's reproductive years, marked by hormonal changes and cessation of menstruation.
Attachment Styles
- Attachment styles are patterns of bonding between children and caregivers that impact future relationships (secure, avoidant, anxious, disorganized).
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
- ACEs are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (abuse or neglect) and can have long-term effects on health and well-being.
Adolescent Egocentrism
- Adolescent egocentrism is a stage marked by self-focus, believing their experiences are unique, leading to imaginary audience and personal fable. Imaginary audience involves the belief others continuously observe them; personal fable is the belief in their experiences' uniqueness and invulnerability.
Possible Selves
- Possible selves are the various versions of who individuals might become (ideal selves and feared selves).
Social Identity
- Social identity is an individual's sense of self derived from their membership in social groups. Categories include race/ethnicity, gender identity, occupational identity, religious identity and familial identity.
Identity Development Stages
- Identity development spans different stages of exploration and commitment to beliefs, goals and values. Stages include Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Achievement.
Jean Piaget
- Piaget's theory focuses on cognitive development, highlighting stages and concepts like schemas, assimilation, and accommodation.
Lev Vygotsky
- Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development. Key concepts include scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
Crystallized & Fluid Intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge and skills, increasing with age. Fluid intelligence is solving new problems and thinking abstractly, peaking in early adulthood.
Dementia
- Dementia is a cognitive decline affecting memory, judgment, and communication, often prevalent in older adults.
Language Development
- Language development includes syntax (sentence structure), cooing, babbling, one-word and two-word stages, overgeneralization, and grammar to convey meaning. Examples include cooing, babbling to two word stages, as examples of language development.
Ecological Systems Theory
- Ecological systems theory explains how a child's development is shaped by multiple environmental layers (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem).
Parenting Styles
- Parenting styles include authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative.
Temperament
- Temperament refers to innate traits influencing children's responses to their environment, such as emotional reactivity and adaptability.
Imprinting
- Imprinting is a rapid, instinctive form of learning in animals, where strong attachments are formed to the first moving object seen after birth.
Contact Comfort
- Contact comfort is emotional security derived from physical touch, especially between infants and caregivers. It's important for emotional development.
Separation Anxiety
- Separation anxiety is a distress response from infants or young children when separated from their caregiver.
Attachment Styles
- Attachment styles, like secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized, are patterns of bonding between children and caregivers, influencing future relationships, and reflect the security and reliability of caregiving.
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Description
Explore the key themes and research methods in developmental psychology through this quiz. Learn about how individuals change across their lifespan and the interplay of nature and nurture in development. Test your understanding of concepts like continuity, stages, and the significance of longitudinal versus cross-sectional studies.
