Developmental Psychology Quizzes
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Questions and Answers

What key feature characterizes the Preoperational Stage of cognitive development?

  • Believing inanimate objects have feelings (correct)
  • Ability to think abstractly
  • Combining actions to achieve goals
  • Understanding the conservation of mass

What does the term 'Mental Representation' refer to in the Sensorimotor Stage?

  • Understanding that quantity remains the same despite appearance changes
  • Learning through inborn reflexes
  • Developing internal mental images and problem-solving skills (correct)
  • The ability to repeat actions for environmental effects

What is a major cognitive advancement observed in the Concrete Operational Stage?

  • Exploring new actions for results
  • Understanding of conservation (correct)
  • Ability to think egocentrically
  • Development of abstract thinking

Which characteristic distinguishes the Formal Operational Stage from earlier stages?

<p>Use of deductive reasoning for hypothetical situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental conflict is associated with the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

<p>Can I trust the world? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill is demonstrated by the ability to classify objects based on shared attributes in the Concrete Operational Stage?

<p>Classification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children primarily engage in Tertiary Circular Reactions as a learning method?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Decentration' in the Concrete Operational Stage?

<p>Understanding multiple variables at once (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness but low demands?

<p>Permissive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence of spanking a child?

<p>Learning to solve problems through pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parallel play typically occurs at what age range?

<p>14-18 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of family functioning?

<p>Physical punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of play involves children working together to achieve a common goal?

<p>Cooperative Play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that could lead to child abuse and neglect?

<p>Cultural traditions viewing children as property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the development of prosocial behavior in children?

<p>Parental warmth and clear explanations of rules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of neglecting a child's needs?

<p>Development of PTSD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically show self-recognition in a mirror?

<p>21 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves wrapping fatty nerve fibers around nerve cells to enhance communication speed in the brain?

<p>Myelinisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the first level of Flavell's perspective on theory of mind?

<p>Recognizing that others experience things differently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of the 'fast belief principle' in children's cognitive development?

<p>Children understand that people can have different beliefs than reality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage do children usually develop a clearer understanding of gender stability?

<p>Early Childhood (2-6 years) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important factor influences the development of moral emotions in children?

<p>Parental warmth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by low responsiveness and high control?

<p>Authoritarian (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'categorical self' refer to during infancy?

<p>Children's visible characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributes is most closely associated with an authoritative parenting style?

<p>High warmth and responsiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development does Vygotsky's theory emphasize?

<p>The impact of social factors and mentorship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key question during the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?

<p>Is it okay for me to do, move, and act? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to develop the skills for empathy in children?

<p>Perspective-taking experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children typically start to categorize behaviors and traits as masculine or feminine through which theory?

<p>Gender Schema Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is associated with the industry vs. inferiority stage?

<p>Sense of competence and achievement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible fixation from the oral stage of development?

<p>Aggressiveness or dependency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability is reflected when children demonstrate an understanding of scripts?

<p>Metacognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage focuses on the control over bowel movements?

<p>Anal Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the mesosystem encompass in the ecological system theory?

<p>Connections between different microsystems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes normative history-graded changes?

<p>Changes linked to cultural or historical events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of teratogen exposure during prenatal development?

<p>Physical deformities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can negatively affect brain plasticity during early development?

<p>Excessive exposure to media. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to perceive depth using kinetic cues?

<p>3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the developmental aspect of synaptogenesis refer to?

<p>Process of synapse formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key task during the latency stage of development?

<p>Developing skills and friendships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a successful resolution of the integrity vs. despair stage lead to?

<p>Feelings of fulfillment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory development is considered better developed at birth?

<p>Hearing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves developing the ability to love?

<p>Intimacy vs. Isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of secondary circular reactions in infants aged 4 to 8 months?

<p>Trial and error learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does secure attachment influence a child's later social behavior?

<p>They develop higher self-esteem and sociability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to demonstrate means-end behavior, such as moving closer to a toy to reach it?

<p>8-12 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of insecure-ambivalent attachment?

<p>Children are overly anxious about the caregiver's availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences the attachment process in children?

<p>Parental marital status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage is characterized by the understanding of object permanence?

<p>Stage 4: Coordination of Secondary Schemes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of infant-directed speech that supports language development?

<p>Higher pitch and simplified language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is most likely to lead to emotional difficulties and behavioral problems?

<p>Insecure-disorganized attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does intermodal perception allow an infant to do?

<p>Integrate information from multiple senses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common behavior is observed during the clear-cut attachment stage (6-24 months)?

<p>Increased separation anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of high synchronous exchanges between an infant and a caregiver?

<p>Higher intelligence scores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tertiary circular reactions in infants primarily involve?

<p>Exploring their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in a caregiver's interaction with an infant?

<p>Encouraging attachment behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperament influence a child's development?

<p>It shapes the selection of environments and experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

Infants learn about the world through their senses and actions, such as looking, touching, and sucking. They develop a range of skills, from basic reflexes to complex problem-solving, through exploring their surroundings.

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

Children begin to think symbolically and use language, but their thinking is often intuitive and egocentric. They struggle to see things from other people's perspectives.

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Children develop more logical thinking skills and understand that appearances can be deceiving. They can now grasp the concepts of conservation, classification, and seriation.

Formal Operational Stage (11 years and up)

Adolescents gain the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically. They can now consider hypothetical situations and solve complex problems.

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Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)

This stage focuses on developing trust in the world. A child's needs are fulfilled consistently by caregivers, leading to feelings of security.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)

Children explore their independence and assert their will. Encouragement and support lead to self-confidence, while overcontrol leads to uncertainty.

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Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)

Children learn to take initiative and make their own decisions, but need guidance and support. Successful resolution fosters a sense of purpose and confidence.

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Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)

Children learn about cooperation, social skills, and contributing to society. Encouragement and positive experiences lead to a sense of competence and belonging.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have different thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.

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Myelinisation

The process of wrapping fatty nerve fibres around nerve cells, speeding up communication signals in the brain.

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Reticular Formation

A brain structure that regulates attention and concentration, vital for learning.

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Metamemory

The ability to remember and use prior knowledge to understand and solve problems.

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Metacognition

The ability to think about your own thinking and control your cognitive processes.

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Scripts

A mental framework or script that guides our understanding of familiar routines and situations.

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Fast Mapping

The ability to link new words to their meaning quickly and efficiently.

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Phonological Awareness

The developmental stage where children become aware of the sound patterns in language.

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Fast Belief Principle

Understanding that others can have different beliefs than the reality, even if they are incorrect.

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Gender Schema

A mental model used to explain events and predict behavior based on gender.

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Categorical Self

The ability to categorize oneself based on visible characteristics, like age, gender, or hair color.

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Emotional Self

The ability to understand and respond to emotions, including controlling one's own emotions.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

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Social Scripts

The ability to predict or understand social situations and norms.

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Effortful Control

The strong ability to manage and control one's emotions, behaviors, and impulses.

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Object permanence

The ability to perceive and understand objects as having a stable, permanent existence even when they are not directly visible or being interacted with.

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Primary circular reactions

A stage in infant cognitive development that focuses on the infant's own body and repetitive actions, such as sucking their thumb.

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Secondary circular reactions

A stage in infant cognitive development characterized by the infant's interest in external events and repeated actions focused on objects outside the body, such as shaking a rattle.

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Cross-model perception

The ability to use one sense to learn about another sense. For example, recognizing a toy by its sound even when it cannot be seen.

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Mental representation

The capacity to remember past experiences and use them to solve current problems.

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Infant-directed speech (IDS)

A type of speech that adults use with infants, characterized by simplified grammar, higher pitch, and exaggerated intonation.

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Attachment

The close emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver, typically the mother.

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Separation anxiety

A state of emotional and physical distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver.

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Social referencing

The use of cues from caregivers' facial expressions and emotional tone of voice to navigate situations.

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Secure attachment

An attachment style characterized by secure exploration, confident communication, and comfort in seeking help.

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Insecure-avoidant attachment

An attachment style characterized by avoidance of the caregiver, difficulty expressing emotions, and reluctance to seek help.

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Insecure-ambivalent attachment

An attachment style characterized by anxiety about the caregiver's availability, clinginess, and fear of abandonment.

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Insecure-disorganized attachment

An attachment style characterized by a lack of a clear attachment strategy, confusion, low self-worth, and fear of rejection.

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Emotional availability

The degree to which caregivers are emotionally available and sensitive to their infants' needs.

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Temperament

The specific way a child typically reacts to stimuli, characterized by their quality of mood, activity level, and sociability.

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Permissive Parenting

Parents who are warm and accepting but set few limits or rules. They tend to be lenient with their children and allow them significant freedom.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high responsiveness and high demands. Parents are warm and involved, but also set clear rules and expectations.

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Uninvolved Parenting

Parents who are indifferent and disengaged from their children's lives. They may provide basic needs but show little emotional warmth or involvement.

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Permissive Parenting

Parents who are highly responsive but set few demands. They are warm and nurturing but may not be effective at setting boundaries or enforcing rules.

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Inductive Discipline

A parenting style that emphasizes explaining the reasons behind rules and consequences, encouraging children to understand and internalize the meaning of their behavior.

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Corporal Punishment

The use of physical force to discipline a child, such as hitting or spanking.

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Parallel Play

A type of play where children engage in similar activities side-by-side but without direct interaction or collaboration.

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Cooperative Play

A type of play where children work together towards a shared goal, requiring collaboration, negotiation, and turn-taking skills.

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Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage describing the development of autonomy and confidence in young children (1-3 years). The key question is 'Is it okay to be me?'

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Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's stage describing the development of initiative and leadership in preschoolers (3-6 years). The key question is 'Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?'

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Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage describing the development of competence and achievement in school-age children (6-12 years). The key question is 'Can I make it in the world of people and things?'

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's stage describing the development of a strong sense of self and identity in adolescents (12-18 years). The key question is 'Who am I and where am I going?'

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage describing the development of intimacy and deep relationships during early adulthood. The key question is 'Can I love?'

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage describing the development of a sense of contribution and productivity during middle adulthood. The key question is 'Can I make my life count?'

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Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's stage describing the development of a sense of fulfillment and acceptance during late adulthood. The key question is 'Is it okay to have been me?'

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Fixation

Freud's term for a psychological stage where a person's personality development is stuck, leading to certain traits and behaviors.

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Oral Stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development (0-1 year) focusing on the mouth. Key tasks include feeding and weaning.

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Anal Stage

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development (1-3 years) focusing on the anus. Key tasks include toilet training.

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Phallic Stage

Freud's third stage of psychosexual development (3-6 years) focusing on the genitals. Key tasks include the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

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Latency Stage

Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development (6-puberty) where sexual feelings are dormant. Key tasks include developing skills and friendships.

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Genital Stage

Freud's fifth stage of psychosexual development (puberty onward) where sexual interests mature. Key tasks involve establishing intimate relationships.

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Normative Age-Graded Influences

Changes that are expected to occur at a particular age due to biological maturation and societal norms.

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Normative History-Graded Influences

Changes that are experienced by most people in a specific generation due to historical events or cultural shifts.

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Non-Normative Influences

Changes that are unique to individuals due to personal experiences or circumstances.

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Study Notes

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

  • Infants learn about the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, sucking).
  • Sub-stages:
    • Reflexive Schemes (0-1 month): Inborn reflexes.
    • Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months): Repeating pleasurable actions centered on their own body.
    • Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): Repeating actions that produce effects in the environment.
    • Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8-12 months): Combining actions for goals (means-end behavior).
    • Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months): Experimenting with new actions to see the results.
    • Mental Representation (18-24 months): Developing internal mental representations and problem-solving skills.

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

  • Children think symbolically and use language, but thinking is intuitive and egocentric.
  • Key Features:
    • Symbolic Functioning: Using symbols (e.g., words, images) to represent objects.
    • Egocentrism: Difficulty seeing things from others' perspectives.
    • Animism(centration): Believing inanimate objects have feelings and intentions.
    • Conservation: Understanding that the quantity of something remains the same despite changes in appearance.
    • Reversibility: Understanding that changes can be reversed (memory of original state).
    • Identity: Understanding that objects stay the same, despite changes.

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

  • Children understand mental operations and can think logically about concrete events.
  • Key Features:
    • Decentration: Considering multiple variables.
    • Conservation: Understanding quantity remains the same despite changes.
    • Classification: Grouping objects by shared characteristics.
    • Seriation: Arranging objects in a logical order (e.g., by size).

Formal Operational Stage (11 years and up)

  • Adolescents think abstractly, logically, and systematically.
  • Key Features:
    • Abstract Thought: Thinking about hypothetical situations and concepts.
    • Logical Reasoning: Using deductive reasoning to conclude.
    • Problem Solving: Developing strategies for complex problems.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

  • Erikson's theory focuses on social development and the need for consistency.
  • Stages:
    • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): Can I trust the world?
    • Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 years): Is it okay to be me?
    • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
    • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Can I make it in the world?
    • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Who am I?
    • Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood): Can I love?
    • Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood): Can I make my life count?
    • Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood): Was it okay to have been me?

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

  • Freud's theory focuses on the development of the libido (pleasure seeking).
  • Stages:
    • Oral Stage (0-1 year): Focus on the mouth (sucking, biting), fixation can lead to dependency/aggression.
    • Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on the anus (bowel control), fixation can lead to orderliness/messiness.
    • Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Focus on genitals, fixation may cause authority/relationship issues.
    • Latency Stage (6-puberty): Dormant sexual feelings, focus on skills and friendships.
    • Genital Stage (puberty onward): Maturation of sexual interests, establishing relationships.

Types of Change

  • Normative age-graded changes: Genetically determined (biological clock), age norms.
  • Normative history-graded changes: Events impacting a whole society.
  • Non-normative changes: Unique, unpredictable events (e.g., winning a lottery).

Ecological Systems Theory

  • This theory examines how the environment affects development.
  • Systems:
    • Microsystem: Direct interactions (family, peers, school)
    • Mesosystem: Interconnections between microsystems.
    • Exosystem: Indirect influences (media, workplace).
    • Macrosystem: Societal norms and values.
    • Chronosystem: Life transitions and historical contexts.

Physical Development (Infancy & Early Childhood)

  • Prenatal Problems: Teratogens (harmful agents), diet (folic acid), malnutrition. Male fetuses are at higher risk for prenatal problems.
  • Infant Brain Development: Synaptogenesis (synapse development), synapse pruning.
  • Factors Influencing Brain Plasticity: Stress, diet, too much TV.
  • Body and Brain Growth: Rapid growth, large skull.
  • Motor Development: Experiences affect motor abilities.
  • Sensory Development: Vision improves, color vision present at birth, visual tracking slowly develops. -Hearing improves, can hear, and locate sounds but is not as good at high-pitched sounds as adults. -Smell and taste well developed at birth. -Touch and motion well-developed at birth, sensitive to touch on mouth, face, hands, feet, and abdomen.
    • Depth perception develops (kinetic & binocular cues).
    • Intermodal perception (integrating information from multiple senses).
  • Cognitive Development (Infant)
    • stages 1-6 with focus (reflect on development through infancy)
  • Language Development: Infant-directed speech crucial.
  • Preoperational stage:
    • Symbolic Functioning: Using symbols to represent objects.
  • Social Cognitive Development: Theory of mind develops gradually.
  • Theory of mind stages:
    • Rudimentary beginning
    • Early theory of mind (2-3 years)
    • Intermediate theory of mind (3-4 years)
  • Intelligence. wechsler test
    • Working Memory: Short-term storage space.

Attachment

  • Attachment is a crucial aspect of security in infants.
  • Attachment Behaviors: Stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, social referencing.
  • Attachment Styles (Ainsworth)
    • Secure attachment.
    • Insecure-avoidant attachment.
    • Insecure-ambivalent attachment.
    • Insecure-disorganized attachment.
  • Factors influencing attachment: Emotional availability, responsiveness, marital/social/economic status, age, mental health, caregiver personality & temperament.

Early Childhood (2-6 years)

  • Cross-Race Effect: Better memory for faces of one's own race.
  • Personality Development: Temperament and experience interact to form personality.
  • Emotional Self-Regulation: Shifting control from parent to child.
  • Emotional Self-Control Problems: Difficulties associated with difficult temperaments and developmental delays.
  • Empathy and Moral Emotions: Perspective-taking is key.
  • Social Self: Development of social skills and cooperative play.
  • Gender Development: Gender identity, stability, constancy, gender schema theory.
  • Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved, overly involved.
  • Aspects of Family Functioning: Warmth, consistency of rules, expectations, communication
  • Cognitive development (early childhood)
    • theory of mind (mental processes) and stages
    • Fast mapping, grammar explosion, phonological awareness (Language development)
  • Peer relationships: Parallel play, cooperation, social skills, and play differences.
  • Prosocial behavior: Increasing with age (helping others, empathy).

Additional Concepts:

  • Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Importance of social factors in cognitive development (e.g., mentors).
  • Information Processing Theories: Metamemory, metacognition, and scripts.
  • Neo-Piagetian Theories: Short-term storage space (STSS).
  • Premack principle: High-frequency activity as reinforcer for low-frequency activity.
  • Consequences of spanking: Spanking's potential negative long-term effects, including links to pain, emotional rejection, and aggression in a child.
  • Child abuse: Identifying factors, outcome, and preventing methods
  • effects of parenting style. different parenting style and effects on child.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology. This quiz covers the different stages of cognitive development as outlined by Piaget, parenting styles, and child play behaviors. Challenge yourself with questions ranging from the Preoperational Stage to family functioning aspects.

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