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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring?
What is the term for the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring?
Which aspect of development indicates that growth continues beyond adulthood?
Which aspect of development indicates that growth continues beyond adulthood?
What theory explains schools organizing events like UN street parades where children dress in various national costumes?
What theory explains schools organizing events like UN street parades where children dress in various national costumes?
What type of development is stimulated through engaging activities such as music and dance?
What type of development is stimulated through engaging activities such as music and dance?
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Which developmental stage first shows emotional attachment to a mother?
Which developmental stage first shows emotional attachment to a mother?
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What characteristic describes children at the early childhood stage?
What characteristic describes children at the early childhood stage?
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Which issue in development ponders whether a person is shaped more by genetics or cultural influences?
Which issue in development ponders whether a person is shaped more by genetics or cultural influences?
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What aspect of a child is identified as a biological influence inherent in Nature?
What aspect of a child is identified as a biological influence inherent in Nature?
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In which developmental stage do children learn to read and write while also developing conscience and values?
In which developmental stage do children learn to read and write while also developing conscience and values?
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What does a child demonstrate by trying out new ways of doing things according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
What does a child demonstrate by trying out new ways of doing things according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
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Which option best represents the ego of a child in Freud's psychoanalysis theory?
Which option best represents the ego of a child in Freud's psychoanalysis theory?
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In which of Erikson's psychosocial stages do toddlers assert their independence?
In which of Erikson's psychosocial stages do toddlers assert their independence?
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Freud believes a little girl saying she wants her mother to go on vacation to marry her father reflects which complex?
Freud believes a little girl saying she wants her mother to go on vacation to marry her father reflects which complex?
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In which stage of Piagetian development are toddlers categorized?
In which stage of Piagetian development are toddlers categorized?
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The ability of primary schoolers to categorize colors into separate groups is an example of which logical operation?
The ability of primary schoolers to categorize colors into separate groups is an example of which logical operation?
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What is the best way for parents to handle early signs of puberty in their children?
What is the best way for parents to handle early signs of puberty in their children?
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How should a teacher interpret a pre-school child's egocentric behavior when they say 'gaya kahapon' during meal ordering?
How should a teacher interpret a pre-school child's egocentric behavior when they say 'gaya kahapon' during meal ordering?
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Children at the primary school age may struggle with determining outcomes based on general principles due to which difficulty?
Children at the primary school age may struggle with determining outcomes based on general principles due to which difficulty?
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Which factor is deemed most important by a teacher in a poverty-stricken area?
Which factor is deemed most important by a teacher in a poverty-stricken area?
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What is a recognized cognitive characteristic of intermediate schoolers?
What is a recognized cognitive characteristic of intermediate schoolers?
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Which practice is known to enhance cognitive development among toddlers?
Which practice is known to enhance cognitive development among toddlers?
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How can teachers effectively address teasing related to physical appearance?
How can teachers effectively address teasing related to physical appearance?
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What do children learn when caregivers are neglectful and abusive?
What do children learn when caregivers are neglectful and abusive?
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What does metacognition refer to during adolescence?
What does metacognition refer to during adolescence?
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What type of play involves children observing others without participating?
What type of play involves children observing others without participating?
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Which parenting style is most likely to foster a sense of responsibility in children?
Which parenting style is most likely to foster a sense of responsibility in children?
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What are the primary chromosomes associated with females?
What are the primary chromosomes associated with females?
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What physical growth characteristic describes children in the prenatal stage?
What physical growth characteristic describes children in the prenatal stage?
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Which term describes a girl's first menstrual period?
Which term describes a girl's first menstrual period?
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How do the growth spurts during adolescence differ between boys and girls?
How do the growth spurts during adolescence differ between boys and girls?
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What best explains the influence of heredity and environment on growth?
What best explains the influence of heredity and environment on growth?
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What assumption is made when students engage in extracurricular activities?
What assumption is made when students engage in extracurricular activities?
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Which theory outlines eight developmental stages throughout an individual's life?
Which theory outlines eight developmental stages throughout an individual's life?
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Which statement correctly describes brain development?
Which statement correctly describes brain development?
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What describes the ability to understand that quantity remains unchanged despite changes in appearance?
What describes the ability to understand that quantity remains unchanged despite changes in appearance?
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Which term reflects the uniqueness of individuals?
Which term reflects the uniqueness of individuals?
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What best explains the sensorimotor stage of toddlerhood?
What best explains the sensorimotor stage of toddlerhood?
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What does the principle of conservation refer to in Piaget's theory?
What does the principle of conservation refer to in Piaget's theory?
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Which ecological system is represented when a child enjoys their father's workplace?
Which ecological system is represented when a child enjoys their father's workplace?
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What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development involves toddlers asserting their independence?
What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development involves toddlers asserting their independence?
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In cognitive development, what can an infant aged 0 to 6 months do?
In cognitive development, what can an infant aged 0 to 6 months do?
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Which parenting style is likely to result in children with lower responsibility?
Which parenting style is likely to result in children with lower responsibility?
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Which cognitive characteristic is evident when a child reads comic books?
Which cognitive characteristic is evident when a child reads comic books?
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What influence does Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device imply for toddlers?
What influence does Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device imply for toddlers?
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How can teachers promote friendship among primary school children?
How can teachers promote friendship among primary school children?
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Which type of play involves a child watching others play but not engaging themselves?
Which type of play involves a child watching others play but not engaging themselves?
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Which values are integrated into modern universities' wellness curricula?
Which values are integrated into modern universities' wellness curricula?
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Which statement correctly describes the concept of Kindergarten?
Which statement correctly describes the concept of Kindergarten?
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Which developmental pattern involves head-to-toe growth?
Which developmental pattern involves head-to-toe growth?
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What happens when children possess a strong sense of their own personality traits?
What happens when children possess a strong sense of their own personality traits?
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Study Notes
Heredity and Traits
- Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
- Conception and fertilization are related processes.
Lifespan Perspective
- Development is a lifelong process, continuing throughout adulthood.
- Development involves both gains and losses.
- Development is multi-directional, proceeding in multiple ways simultaneously.
- Development is shaped by historical and cultural contexts.
Child Development Perspectives
- Socio-cultural experience is evident when schools organize events like a UN street parade, showcasing different cultures.
- Cognitive development is involved in learning through fun activities like music and dance.
Child Development Stages
- Infancy is the initial stage, marked by emotional attachment to the mother.
- Early childhood is characterized by readiness for schooling and increasing independence, but not necessarily maturity.
Nature vs. Nurture
- The debate on nature versus nurture examines the influence of genes (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.
- Heredity refers to inherited traits/characteristics, while environment encompasses the surroundings and learning experiences.
Nature (Biological Influences)
- Biological factors, including inherent traits, are examples of nature's influence on development, such as skin color.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Teacher appealing to national heroes: This is related to a child's superego, the facet of personality concerned with moral values.
- Latency stage: This stage is characterized by a lack of sexual interest, with focus on friendships with same-sex peers.
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Stages
- Sensorimotor stage: Infants acquire knowledge through their senses and behavioral schemes.
- Pre-operational stage: Pre-schoolers lack logical reasoning and operate from an egocentric perspective.
- Concrete operational stage: Children can conserve quantities despite changes in shape or size; this marks an understanding of concrete operations, and logic.
- Formal operational stage: Older children and adults can make abstract reasoning and hypothetical judgments
Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage
- Conservation: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
Piaget's Pre-operational Stage
- Animism: The belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities; interest in stories involving talking objects.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Toddlers asserting independence.
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Initiative vs. guilt: Young children trying out new behaviors.
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Epigenetic principle: Personality unfolds in stages, like a growing tree.
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Modern universities: Integrating wellness activities supports vital values.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Preconventional morality: Actions motivated by avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.
- Conventional morality: Adherence to rules and societal norms.
- Postconventional morality: Actions based on universal ethical principles.
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
- The zone of proximal development is the difference between what a child can learn independently and what they can learn with assistance.
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
- Microsystem: A child's immediate surroundings (e.g., family, school).
- Exosystem: External systems affecting the child (e.g., parent's workplace).
Prenatal Development
- Stages of prenatal development: fertilization, zygote division, attachment to uterine wall.
Brain Development
- Most brain neurons are produced before birth.
- Development continues throughout life.
Physical Development
- Cephalocaudal growth pattern: Development proceeds from head to toe.
Language Acquisition
- Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD): Suggests that humans have an innate ability to learn language quickly.
Play Styles
- Onlooker play: Children observe others playing without participation.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritative parenting: Encourages independence but sets clear limits.
- Permissive parenting: Allows children considerable freedom, with few rules.
- Authoritarian parenting: Strict rules and little flexibility.
- Neglecting parenting: Lack of parental involvement or attention.
Socioemotional Development
- Emotional attachment to parents is a key aspect of socioemotional development.
Cognitive Development
- Reading comic books: Indicates a longer attention span and interest in sequential stories.
Self-Esteem
- Strong sense of personal traits/qualities can foster self-belief and acceptance.
Friendship and Socialization
- Teachers can foster friendships by providing opportunities for interaction.
Adolescence
- Adolescents experience a growth spurt, both physical and emotional, that leads to transformations in thinking and feelings.
Adolescence (Cognitive Development)
- Metacognition: Understanding one's own thought processes.
- Egocentrism: A tendency to focus excessively on oneself.
Adolescence (Emotional Development)
- Emotional competence: The ability to understand and regulate emotions.
Physical Changes in Adolescence
- Puberty: physical changes and sexual maturation.
- Menarche: Female's first menstrual period.
Gender Differences
- Chromosome differences exist (XX for females; XY for males).
- Hormones affect development (e.g., testosterone in boys; estrogen and progesterone in girls).
Heredity and Environment Interplay
- Heredity and environment are complex factors, intertwined in influencing development.
- The relative importance of each can vary among individuals during development
Lifespan Perspective in Education
- Schools engaging children in co-curricular activities show that learning is a lifelong process.
Developmental Theories
- Psychosocial theory: Addresses the social and emotional aspects of development across the lifespan.
Cognitive Development (Toddlers)
- Infants and toddlers learn language quickly with appropriate stimulation.
- Communication through babbling and cooing.
Developmental Stages (and Features)
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Prenatal: Physical growth.
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Early childhood: Developing physical skills, school-related skills and values and independence.
Summary of Question 41
- A teacher in a deprived area values a child’s socio-economic status given the importance of it understanding the community context.
Summary of Question 42
- Self-competence is a key characteristic in intermediate school age.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology. This quiz covers various aspects from genetic traits to emotional attachment, as well as cultural influences on development. Perfect for students in psychology courses or anyone interested in human growth and behavior.
