W1: Introduction to Developmental Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is not an aspect of Baltes' (1987) overarching theory of development?

Development is lifelong

Development is influenced by biological and cultural factors

Development occurs in multiple domains

Development is a linear process (correct)

Bronfenbrenner's Integrative Ecological Systems Theory's macrosphere refers to

Global cultural influences (correct)

Immediate family interaction

Local community settings

Individual biological traits

What are the seven assumptions of Baltes' theory of development? (Select all that apply)

Development is a lifelong process. (correct)

Development is context and historically-dependent. (correct)

Development is linear and predictable.

Development involves both loss and gain. (correct)

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for people in a particular age group are called...

Normative age-graded influences Signup and view all the answers

Balte described 3 ways that context can influence development including:

Normative age-graded influences Signup and view all the answers

What does 'social age' refer to?

The age at which a person functions in societal roles, behaviors, and expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nurture in developmental change?

Environment and experience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes epigenetics?

The interaction between environment and gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with a child-centered approach based on readiness?

Piaget Signup and view all the answers

What role does developmental theory play in social policy?

It provides empirical data for decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key question to consider when thinking about developmental theories?

What does the theory seek to explain? Signup and view all the answers

Which approach incorporates interactions between nature and nurture?

Eclectic position Signup and view all the answers

How do developmental psychologists influence educational practices?

By addressing bullying and early childhood education Signup and view all the answers

In the context of developmental change, which aspect does NOT typically influence a child's readiness to learn?

Fixed genetic traits Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption emphasizes that development involves both gains and losses throughout life?

Involves both gains and losses at every age Signup and view all the answers

What does 'lifelong plasticity' mean in the context of development?

Change in response to both positive and negative experiences Signup and view all the answers

Normative age-graded influences are best described as:

Similar biological and environmental influences for a certain age group Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to unusual occurrences that do not have a broader societal impact?

Non-normative life events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an example of a normative history-graded influence?

Entry into school Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of contextual influences in development?

Cohort and cultural experiences Signup and view all the answers

In terms of Baltes' assumptions, how is the concept of 'historically embedded' best described?

It underscores the collective historical experiences that affect a generation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the multi-dimensional nature of development?

Development includes physical, social, emotional, and cognitive changes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nature vs Nurture

Nature refers to the biological unfolding of an individual based on their genes.
Nurture refers to learning experiences that bring about changes in thoughts, feelings, or behavior.
Epigenetics is the process where experience and environment influence gene expression.

Theory as a Lens

Theories about developmental change can influence how children are approached.
"Nature" theories focus on children being guided by their readiness, suggesting a child-centered approach (e.g., Piaget).
"Nurture" theories emphasize adult-led instruction, suggesting a directive approach (e.g., Vygotsky).
An eclectic position combines elements of both nature and nurture theories.
Social/context focus considers how the culture of the school matches the culture of the family.

Optimizing Development

Developmental theory can influence policy decisions to optimise development.
Evidence-based, theoretically grounded interventions can make a difference.
Societal problems are often intergenerational.

Developmental Psychologists and Their Impact

Developmental psychologists apply their knowledge to diverse areas, such as:
- Educational practices (e.g., bullying, early childhood, childcare)
- Children in the legal system (e.g., child testimony, age of responsibility)
- Social policies (e.g., children in detention, aged care, positive ageing)
- Social initiatives (e.g., Headstart)
- Interventions for parents, children, and older adults (e.g., parenting programs, ASD interventions)

Developmental Theories

Developmental theories aim to explain development, provide meaning and connections to knowledge, and serve as a framework for organizing thinking and making predictions.
Theories require empirical research to be supported or revised.

Baltes: An Overarching and Integrative Theory

Development is a lifelong process involving age-related changes in adaptive capacity.
Baltes' theory proposes seven assumptions about development:
- Lifelong process: Development continues throughout life.
- Multidimensional and Multidirectional: Development involves gains and losses in different areas.
- Involves both gains and losses at every age: Development involves both positive and negative changes.
- Lifelong plasticity: Individuals can change in response to experiences.
- Historically embedded (cohort effects): Development is influenced by historical events.
- Contextualism as a paradigm (cultural effects): Development is shaped by cultural factors.
- Understanding development requires multiple disciplines: A multifaceted approach is needed to understand development.

Development in Context

Individuals respond to and act on contexts:
- Physical environment
- Historical context
- Social context
- Cultural context
Normative age-graded influences are similar to individuals in a specific age group (e.g., puberty, school entry).
Normative history-graded influences affect people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances (e.g., World Wars, economic depressions).
Non-normative life events are unusual occurrences that affect individuals (e.g., accidents, lottery wins).

Age as an Explanatory Variable

Age is a useful organizing principle but should not be used to explain individual differences.
Development is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including biological, psychological, and social factors.

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Description

Test your understanding of Baltes' overarching theory of development. This quiz explores what aspects are integral to Baltes' framework and identifies those that are not. Challenge yourself with key concepts in developmental psychology.