Developmental Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for male characteristics during prenatal development?

  • Environmental factors during pregnancy
  • Multiple genes from both parents
  • Estrogen levels in the mother
  • The SRY gene on the Y chromosome (correct)

At what point in prenatal development is the critical period for the development of organ systems?

  • 15-20 weeks
  • 3-15 weeks (correct)
  • 1-3 weeks
  • 8-12 weeks

Which behaviour indicates that a fetus can differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli?

  • Head turns by week 30
  • Heart rate changes at week 25
  • Differentiation at week 32-33 (correct)
  • Increased movement at 24 weeks

What term is used to describe agents that can cause abnormalities in fetal development?

<p>Teratogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing brain plasticity?

<p>Genetic predispositions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about physical development in females and males is correct?

<p>Physical development in females surpasses that of males until adolescence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence if a fetus experiences a lack of intellectually challenging environments?

<p>Impaired synapse complexity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a specific behavioral development observed in a fetus?

<p>Retention of hyperactivity after birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does myelinization primarily enhance?

<p>Faster neural transmissions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play involves children using objects symbolically?

<p>Substitute Pretend Play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is primarily developed through sociodramtic play at age 4?

<p>Social skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of pre-operational thinking refers to focusing on one variable at a time?

<p>Centration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive development is indicated by a child engaging in rule-governed play at ages 5-6?

<p>Following game rules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's pre-operational stages, what development occurs around 2-3 years old?

<p>Participation in pretend play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is vital for transferring information into long-term memory?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Egocentrism in pre-operational thinking indicates a child's tendency to:

<p>View situations solely from their own perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes on-time events from off-time events?

<p>On-time events align with cultural norms over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory involves direct influences on the individual?

<p>Microsystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which research design are multiple samples analyzed at a single point to examine relationships?

<p>Cross-Sectional Design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genes and the environment?

<p>Phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic inheritance requires both alleles to be recessive to be expressed?

<p>Recessive inheritance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory primarily address?

<p>The impact of time on individual development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of longitudinal research designs?

<p>It involves studying the same individuals over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polygenic inheritance refers to genetic patterns influenced by:

<p>Multiple genes affecting a single trait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model includes wider societal influences?

<p>Macrosystem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines genetic inheritance patterns in multifactorial inheritance?

<p>Multiple genes combined with environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child with avoidant attachment?

<p>They exhibit emotional distancing and may appear indifferent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stability of attachment quality affect an individual later in life?

<p>It influences sociability across various life stages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines disorganized attachment in children?

<p>Confused behaviors and lack of clear attachment strategies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflects a child's emotional self development?

<p>Being able to anticipate changes in others' emotional expressions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT influence the quality of attachment with a child?

<p>Child's birth order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of secure attachment?

<p>Strong and healthy emotional bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the subjective self typically begin to appear in children?

<p>8-12 months. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is related to laterization in brain development?

<p>The specialization of functions in the brain's hemispheres. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of ambivalent attachment?

<p>Stress upon separation but not easily comforted upon reunion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of motor development is emphasized during early childhood?

<p>Major development in locomotor skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptogenesis?

<p>The formation of synapsis for signal transfer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes pruning in brain development?

<p>It improves brain efficiencies by removing synaptic connections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor controlling motor development in infants?

<p>Biological factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cues is developed from motion in visual perception for infants?

<p>Kinetic cues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is habituation in cognitive development?

<p>Decreased attention to familiar stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does infancy-directed speech aid language development?

<p>It simplifies and raises pitch of speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the supportive home literacy environment play in language development?

<p>It is crucial for language development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is characterized by Freud's focus on libido centered on a specific body part?

<p>Psychosexual stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of perception matures by the first 6 months of life?

<p>Depth perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dishabituation?

<p>Renewed attention to somewhat new stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the Anal Stage of development?

<p>Toilet training (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome may result from fixation during the Phallic Stage?

<p>Issues regarding authority and relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial conflict is primarily associated with the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

<p>Trusting caregivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of successfully navigating the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

<p>Strong relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior indicates attachment to a primary caregiver during the Secure Base Behaviour phase?

<p>Proximity-seeking behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does a child primarily develop skills, hobbies, and relationships?

<p>Latency Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is associated with Separation Anxiety in infants?

<p>Clinging to caregivers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of successful resolution of the Generativity vs. Stagnation conflict?

<p>Feelings of usefulness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase includes the development of an internal model that affects future relationships?

<p>Internal Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key conflict characterizes the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

<p>Exploration of identities and roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment behavior occurs when infants assess emotions from caregivers?

<p>Social Referencing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome results from failure in the Initiative vs. Guilt conflict?

<p>Feelings of guilt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does increased synchrony in infant care lead to?

<p>Higher intelligence scores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial task is developed during the Anal Stage?

<p>Controlling bladder and bowel movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prenatal Sex Differences

Biological and physiological differences between males and females that develop during pregnancy.

SRY gene

The gene on the Y chromosome responsible for male characteristics.

Brain Plasticity

The ability of the brain to change in response to environmental input.

Teratogen

Any substance or agent that can harm a developing fetus.

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Neuron

A nerve cell that transmits electrical signals throughout the body.

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Critical Period

The period of development when a fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens.

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Prenatal Behaviour

Changes in a fetus's physical movements and responses to stimuli, like sound.

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Foetal Memory

Stimuli experienced in the womb can be remembered after birth.

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On-Time Events

Events that occur within a specific time period, shared by a majority of society.

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Off-Time Events

Events that occur outside of a specific time period, shared by a majority of society.

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Lifespan Perspective

The study of how individuals change and develop throughout their lifespan, considering cultural influences.

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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

A theoretical framework that explains how different environments interact to influence an individual's development.

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Microsystem

The immediate environment that directly influences an individual, involving face-to-face interactions.

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Mesosystem

The interactions and connections between different aspects of the microsystem.

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Exosystem

External influences that impact the microsystem, but don't directly involve the individual.

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Macrosystem

The broader societal and cultural influences on an individual's development.

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Chronosystem

The role of time and historical context in shaping an individual's development.

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Genotype

The unique genetic sequence that makes up an individual.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics resulting from the interaction between genotype and environment.

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Dominant Genes

Genes that always express themselves, masking the effects of recessive alleles.

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Recessive Genes

Genes that express themselves only when two copies are present.

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Polygenic Inheritance

Inheritance patterns influenced by multiple genes.

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Multifactorial Inheritance

Inheritance patterns influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A research design where different age groups are compared at a single point in time.

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Longitudinal Design

A research design where the same individuals are studied over a period of time.

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Synaptic Pruning

The period when connections between brain cells are strengthened and pruned, leading to more efficient brain functioning.

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Synaptogenesis

The process of forming new connections between brain cells, allowing for new learning and development.

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Habituation

A type of learning where repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases the response to that stimulus.

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Dishabituation

When a familiar stimulus is presented after a period of habituation, causing a renewed attention to the stimulus.

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Intermodal perception

The process of forming connections between different sensory experiences, allowing for the understanding of an object through multiple senses.

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Visual Tracking

The ability to focus on and track moving objects with the eyes.

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Depth Perception

The ability to perceive the distance and depth of objects in the environment.

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Kinetic Cues

A type of depth perception cue that arises from the movement of objects in our environment.

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Binocular Cues

A type of depth perception cue that utilizes the difference in the view of both eyes

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Stability of Attachment Quality

Refers to the consistency of a child's attachment style over time, influenced by life circumstances.

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Subjective Self

The ability of a child to understand they are a distinct individual, separate from others.

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Emotional Self

The ability to recognize and understand changes in emotional expression in others, anticipating their actions and responding appropriately.

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Objective Self

The understanding that a child is an object in the world with unique characteristics and properties.

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Lateralization

The specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the brain, contributing to the development of cognitive and motor skills.

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Secure Attachment

A secure attachment characterized by strong, healthy emotional bonds and feelings of safety, leading to confidence in exploring the environment.

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Avoidant Attachment

An insecure attachment marked by emotional distancing, where the child avoids closeness and may appear indifferent to the presence or absence of their caregiver.

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Ambivalent Attachment

An insecure attachment characterized by anxiety and uncertainty, where the child is overly dependent on the caregiver, experiencing stress during separation but not easily comforted upon reunion.

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Disorganized Attachment

An insecure attachment marked by inconsistent and confused behaviors, often stemming from trauma or unpredictable caregivers.

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Caregiver Characteristics & Attachments

Factors such as emotional availability, responsiveness, caregiver mental health, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, and age that influence attachment quality.

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Oral Stage

A stage in psychosexual development where the focus is on the mouth, leading to key tasks such as feeding and weaning. Fixation at this stage can result in dependency and aggression in adulthood.

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Anal Stage

A stage in psychosexual development where the focus is on the anus, leading to key tasks like toilet training. Fixation can lead to personality traits like being overly neat (anal-retentive) or messy (anal-expulsive).

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Phallic Stage

A stage in psychosexual development where the focus is on the genitals, leading to key tasks such as awareness of gender differences and identification with the same-sex parent. Fixation can lead to issues with authority and relationships later in life.

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Latency Stage

A stage in psychosexual development where sexual feelings are dormant. This stage focuses on the development of social and intellectual skills, hobbies, and relationships.

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Genital Stage

The final stage of psychosexual development where sexual interests mature. This stage focuses on establishing healthy sexual relationships and contributing to society.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

A stage in psychosocial development where the key conflict is learning to trust caregivers through the provision of basic needs. Successful resolution leads to a sense of security; failure leads to mistrust.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A stage in psychosocial development where the key conflict is developing a sense of independence and self-control over physical skills. Successful resolution leads to autonomy; failure leads to shame and doubt.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

A stage in psychosocial development marked by the key conflict of asserting control and power over the environment through play and social interactions. Successful resolution leads to initiative; failure leads to feelings of guilt.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

A stage in psychosocial development where the key conflict involves coping with new social and academic pressures. Successful resolution leads to feelings of competence; failure leads to feelings of inferiority.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

A stage in psychosocial development where the key conflict is exploring and forming a sense of identity. Successful resolution leads to a secure sense of identity; failure leads to role confusion.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

A stage in psychosocial development marked by the key conflict of forming intimate and loving relationships. Successful resolution leads to strong relationships; failure leads to loneliness and isolation.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

A stage in psychosocial development revolving around the key conflict of contributing to something larger than oneself through parenting, work, or other creative activities. Successful resolution leads to a sense of accomplishment; failure leads to stagnation.

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Integrity vs. Despair

A stage in psychosocial development where the key conflict involves reflecting on life and accepting its meaning. Successful resolution leads to a sense of wisdom; failure leads to regret and despair.

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Synchrony

The reciprocal and harmonious interaction between parent and child built through shared patterns of attachment behaviors. Higher synchrony is associated with positive outcomes like larger vocabulary, higher intelligence, and less stress.

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Stranger Attachment

A type of attachment behavior where infants cling to caregivers when strangers are present.

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Separation Anxiety

A type of attachment behavior characterized by infants crying and protesting when separated from their caregiver. It is a strong indicator of secure attachment.

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Myelinzation

The process of forming a fatty sheath around nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems, resulting in faster neural transmission.

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Hippocampus

A brain structure crucial for transferring memories from short-term to long-term storage.

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Centration

The tendency for young children to focus on only one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important details.

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Substitute Pretend Play

A type of play where children use objects symbolically, like substituting a stick as a sword. This helps them develop their cognitive skills and understand abstract ideas.

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Pre-Operational Stage

A stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory where children start to understand abstract concepts and use symbols, but their thinking is still limited by egocentrism, centration, and lack of conservation.

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Egocentrism

The tendency for infants to view the world solely from their own perspective, unable to see things from another's point of view.

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Conservation

The understanding that the quantity of something remains the same even if its appearance changes. For example, a child understands that two identical amounts of liquid, poured into different-shaped containers, still represent the same amount.

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Reticular Formation

The part of the brain involved in regulating attention and concentration in early childhood.

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Study Notes

Developmental Domains

  • Physical Development encompasses changes in the body, notably puberty and changes in perception during the first year.

Key Topics

  • Nature vs. Nurture: Hereditary influences (nature) and external factors (nurture) together shape development. Inborn biases in children's behavior are also included within nature.

  • Cognitive Development involves the development of IQ, thinking, memory, and other intellectual skills.

  • Social Development includes the development of relationships with oneself, the development of personality, and one's view of the self.

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

  • Continuity emphasizes gradual, cumulative changes.
  • Discontinuity highlights distinct stages marked by significant developments.

Normative Age vs. Normative History

  • Normative Age refers to common changes within a species.
  • Normative History refers to major shifts from historical events affecting all individuals in a group.

Critical/Sensitive Periods

  • Critical Periods (animals) are specific times in development where sensitivity to a stimulus is critical. Absence of stimulus during this time might have lasting effects, especially during development.
  • Sensitive Periods (humans) have a similar impact as critical period, but are more malleable and adaptable, giving the organism the opportunity for growth and development.

On-Time/Off-Time Events

  • On-Time events are shared experiences within a specific period of time.
  • Off-Time events have similar shared experiences yet outside of a specific period of time.

Lifespan Perspective

  • Development in every stage is intertwined with cultural contexts.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

  • This framework looks at various environments that influence an individual's development. Levels of influence include: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.

Research Designs

  • Cross-Sectional: examines relationship between constructs using multiple samples at a single time point.
  • Longitudinal: examines a specific group over an extended period to see how development (constructs) change over time.

Prenatal and Infancy Development

Genetics

  • Genotype: Unique DNA sequence
  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics from environmental impact on genes

Prenatal Stage

  • Prenatal sex differences (differences influenced by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome)

  • Prenatal behavior (changes in heart rate, head turns, body movement, and responses to sound and stimuli) during different prenatal weeks.

  • Prenatal development (critical period: 3-15 weeks, especially the first 8 weeks, during which organ development is most important).

  • Teratogens: Agents that can cause developmental abnormalities, when exposed to the fetus.

Physical Development

  • Physical development includes the initial stage of development of the baby, the pace, and potential challenges.

Brain Development

  • Neuron: Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body.

  • Plasticity: Refers to the brain's malleability in response to environmental stimuli.

  • Factors affecting plasticity: Intellectually stimulating environments increase synapse complexity while lack of stimulation can affect cognitive development. Diet and stress can impact brain development.

  • Synaptic Development: Includes the formation of synapses (sites of signal transfer) and pruning (removal of unnecessary connections).

Motor Development

  • Sensorimotor development: includes various senses such as taste, smell, touch and the coordination that is already developed. Vision, auditory and other sense develop during the first year of life.
  • Visual acuity: improves throughout the first year
  • Visual tracking: Improves in the first 6-10 weeks after birth
  • Depth Perception: improves over time, with different types of cues (e.g., kinetic cues from motion parallax).
  • Intermodal Perception is the ability to bring together/process information input from multiple senses (at a time point).

Auditory Development

  • Auditory acuity is limited at birth relating to high-pitched sounds and matures to adult levels by 18 months.
  • Sound localization matures in 18 months.

Cognitive Development

  • Habituation: Reduced response to a repeated stimulus.
  • Dishabituation: Increased response to a novel stimulus.
  • Infancy Directed Speech (IDS): High-pitched, simplified speech used to improve language development; it aids grammar development.
  • Recasting: Repeating a child's utterance, but modified, to help them improve their grammar.
  • Home literacy: Environment is crucial to language and cognitive development.

Infant Social and Personality Development

Attachment

  • Secure Attachment: Healthy emotional bonds and confidence to explore.
  • Avoidant Attachment: Emotional distancing and indifference to caregivers.
  • Ambivalent Attachment: Anxiety and uncertainty related to caregivers.
  • Disorganized Attachment: Inconsistent behavior resulting from trauma or unpredictable caregivers.
  • Caregiver characteristics: Emotional availability, responsiveness, mental health, marital/socio-economic status, and age affect attachment.

Bowlby's Stages

  • Non-focused Orienting & Signalling: Babies signal needs to those around them (0-3 months).
  • Focus on 1± Figures: Babies direct signals to familiar individuals (3-6 months).
  • Secure Base Behavior: Infants explore using their caregivers as a secure base (6-24 months).
  • Internal Model: Infants build a model of their relationships with others (24+ months).
  • Attachment Behaviors: Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety characterize the attachment.

Early Childhood

  • Physical changes (2-6 years old): Slower growth compared to infancy, but major developments occur.

  • Manipulative skills start to develop during this stage.

  • Brain and nervous systems: Myelination (faster transmission of neural signals); Brain functions (hippocampus) become more developed (more advanced memory).

  • Preoperational stage: Centration, egocentrism, lack of conservation are key observations of early childhood thinking.

  • Flavell's Perspective Taking Skills: Understanding that others may think and experience differently than them.

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Description

Test your knowledge on prenatal and early childhood development concepts. This quiz covers critical periods, fetal behaviors, and factors influencing physical and cognitive development in males and females. Challenge yourself with questions about play types and brain plasticity!

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