Developmental Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for male characteristics during prenatal development?

Environmental factors during pregnancy

Multiple genes from both parents

Estrogen levels in the mother

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome (correct)

At what point in prenatal development is the critical period for the development of organ systems?

15-20 weeks

3-15 weeks (correct)

1-3 weeks

8-12 weeks

Which behaviour indicates that a fetus can differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli?

Head turns by week 30

Heart rate changes at week 25

Differentiation at week 32-33 (correct)

Increased movement at 24 weeks

What term is used to describe agents that can cause abnormalities in fetal development?

Teratogens Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing brain plasticity?

Genetic predispositions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about physical development in females and males is correct?

Physical development in females surpasses that of males until adolescence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence if a fetus experiences a lack of intellectually challenging environments?

Impaired synapse complexity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a specific behavioral development observed in a fetus?

Retention of hyperactivity after birth Signup and view all the answers

What does myelinization primarily enhance?

Faster neural transmissions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play involves children using objects symbolically?

Substitute Pretend Play Signup and view all the answers

What skill is primarily developed through sociodramtic play at age 4?

Social skills Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of pre-operational thinking refers to focusing on one variable at a time?

Centration Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive development is indicated by a child engaging in rule-governed play at ages 5-6?

Following game rules Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's pre-operational stages, what development occurs around 2-3 years old?

Participation in pretend play Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is vital for transferring information into long-term memory?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Egocentrism in pre-operational thinking indicates a child's tendency to:

View situations solely from their own perspective Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes on-time events from off-time events?

On-time events align with cultural norms over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory involves direct influences on the individual?

Microsystem Signup and view all the answers

In which research design are multiple samples analyzed at a single point to examine relationships?

Cross-Sectional Design Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genes and the environment?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic inheritance requires both alleles to be recessive to be expressed?

Recessive inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What does the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory primarily address?

The impact of time on individual development Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of longitudinal research designs?

It involves studying the same individuals over time. Signup and view all the answers

Polygenic inheritance refers to genetic patterns influenced by:

Multiple genes affecting a single trait. Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model includes wider societal influences?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

What defines genetic inheritance patterns in multifactorial inheritance?

Multiple genes combined with environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child with avoidant attachment?

They exhibit emotional distancing and may appear indifferent. Signup and view all the answers

How does the stability of attachment quality affect an individual later in life?

It influences sociability across various life stages. Signup and view all the answers

What defines disorganized attachment in children?

Confused behaviors and lack of clear attachment strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What reflects a child's emotional self development?

Being able to anticipate changes in others' emotional expressions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT influence the quality of attachment with a child?

Child's birth order. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of secure attachment?

Strong and healthy emotional bonds. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the subjective self typically begin to appear in children?

8-12 months. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is related to laterization in brain development?

The specialization of functions in the brain's hemispheres. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of ambivalent attachment?

Stress upon separation but not easily comforted upon reunion. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of motor development is emphasized during early childhood?

Major development in locomotor skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptogenesis?

The formation of synapsis for signal transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes pruning in brain development?

It improves brain efficiencies by removing synaptic connections Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor controlling motor development in infants?

Biological factors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cues is developed from motion in visual perception for infants?

Kinetic cues Signup and view all the answers

What is habituation in cognitive development?

Decreased attention to familiar stimuli Signup and view all the answers

How does infancy-directed speech aid language development?

It simplifies and raises pitch of speech Signup and view all the answers

What role does the supportive home literacy environment play in language development?

It is crucial for language development Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is characterized by Freud's focus on libido centered on a specific body part?

Psychosexual stage Signup and view all the answers

What type of perception matures by the first 6 months of life?

Depth perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dishabituation?

Renewed attention to somewhat new stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the Anal Stage of development?

Toilet training Signup and view all the answers

What outcome may result from fixation during the Phallic Stage?

Issues regarding authority and relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial conflict is primarily associated with the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

Trusting caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of successfully navigating the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

Strong relationships Signup and view all the answers

What behavior indicates attachment to a primary caregiver during the Secure Base Behaviour phase?

Proximity-seeking behaviors Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does a child primarily develop skills, hobbies, and relationships?

Latency Stage Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is associated with Separation Anxiety in infants?

Clinging to caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of successful resolution of the Generativity vs. Stagnation conflict?

Feelings of usefulness Signup and view all the answers

What phase includes the development of an internal model that affects future relationships?

Internal Model Signup and view all the answers

What key conflict characterizes the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Exploration of identities and roles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment behavior occurs when infants assess emotions from caregivers?

Social Referencing Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome results from failure in the Initiative vs. Guilt conflict?

Feelings of guilt Signup and view all the answers

What does increased synchrony in infant care lead to?

Higher intelligence scores Signup and view all the answers

What crucial task is developed during the Anal Stage?

Controlling bladder and bowel movements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Domains

Physical Development encompasses changes in the body, notably puberty and changes in perception during the first year.

Key Topics

Nature vs. Nurture: Hereditary influences (nature) and external factors (nurture) together shape development. Inborn biases in children's behavior are also included within nature.
Cognitive Development involves the development of IQ, thinking, memory, and other intellectual skills.
Social Development includes the development of relationships with oneself, the development of personality, and one's view of the self.

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Continuity emphasizes gradual, cumulative changes.
Discontinuity highlights distinct stages marked by significant developments.

Normative Age vs. Normative History

Normative Age refers to common changes within a species.
Normative History refers to major shifts from historical events affecting all individuals in a group.

Critical/Sensitive Periods

Critical Periods (animals) are specific times in development where sensitivity to a stimulus is critical. Absence of stimulus during this time might have lasting effects, especially during development.
Sensitive Periods (humans) have a similar impact as critical period, but are more malleable and adaptable, giving the organism the opportunity for growth and development.

On-Time/Off-Time Events

On-Time events are shared experiences within a specific period of time.
Off-Time events have similar shared experiences yet outside of a specific period of time.

Lifespan Perspective

Development in every stage is intertwined with cultural contexts.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

This framework looks at various environments that influence an individual's development. Levels of influence include: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.

Research Designs

Cross-Sectional: examines relationship between constructs using multiple samples at a single time point.
Longitudinal: examines a specific group over an extended period to see how development (constructs) change over time.

Prenatal and Infancy Development

Genetics

Genotype: Unique DNA sequence
Phenotype: Observable characteristics from environmental impact on genes

Prenatal Stage

Prenatal sex differences (differences influenced by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome)
Prenatal behavior (changes in heart rate, head turns, body movement, and responses to sound and stimuli) during different prenatal weeks.
Prenatal development (critical period: 3-15 weeks, especially the first 8 weeks, during which organ development is most important).
Teratogens: Agents that can cause developmental abnormalities, when exposed to the fetus.

Physical Development

Physical development includes the initial stage of development of the baby, the pace, and potential challenges.

Brain Development

Neuron: Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
Plasticity: Refers to the brain's malleability in response to environmental stimuli.
Factors affecting plasticity: Intellectually stimulating environments increase synapse complexity while lack of stimulation can affect cognitive development. Diet and stress can impact brain development.
Synaptic Development: Includes the formation of synapses (sites of signal transfer) and pruning (removal of unnecessary connections).

Motor Development

Sensorimotor development: includes various senses such as taste, smell, touch and the coordination that is already developed. Vision, auditory and other sense develop during the first year of life.
Visual acuity: improves throughout the first year
Visual tracking: Improves in the first 6-10 weeks after birth
Depth Perception: improves over time, with different types of cues (e.g., kinetic cues from motion parallax).
Intermodal Perception is the ability to bring together/process information input from multiple senses (at a time point).

Auditory Development

Auditory acuity is limited at birth relating to high-pitched sounds and matures to adult levels by 18 months.
Sound localization matures in 18 months.

Cognitive Development

Habituation: Reduced response to a repeated stimulus.
Dishabituation: Increased response to a novel stimulus.
Infancy Directed Speech (IDS): High-pitched, simplified speech used to improve language development; it aids grammar development.
Recasting: Repeating a child's utterance, but modified, to help them improve their grammar.
Home literacy: Environment is crucial to language and cognitive development.

Attachment

Secure Attachment: Healthy emotional bonds and confidence to explore.
Avoidant Attachment: Emotional distancing and indifference to caregivers.
Ambivalent Attachment: Anxiety and uncertainty related to caregivers.
Disorganized Attachment: Inconsistent behavior resulting from trauma or unpredictable caregivers.
Caregiver characteristics: Emotional availability, responsiveness, mental health, marital/socio-economic status, and age affect attachment.

Bowlby's Stages

Non-focused Orienting & Signalling: Babies signal needs to those around them (0-3 months).
Focus on 1± Figures: Babies direct signals to familiar individuals (3-6 months).
Secure Base Behavior: Infants explore using their caregivers as a secure base (6-24 months).
Internal Model: Infants build a model of their relationships with others (24+ months).
Attachment Behaviors: Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety characterize the attachment.

Early Childhood

Physical changes (2-6 years old): Slower growth compared to infancy, but major developments occur.
Manipulative skills start to develop during this stage.
Brain and nervous systems: Myelination (faster transmission of neural signals); Brain functions (hippocampus) become more developed (more advanced memory).
Preoperational stage: Centration, egocentrism, lack of conservation are key observations of early childhood thinking.
Flavell's Perspective Taking Skills: Understanding that others may think and experience differently than them.

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Description

Test your knowledge on prenatal and early childhood development concepts. This quiz covers critical periods, fetal behaviors, and factors influencing physical and cognitive development in males and females. Challenge yourself with questions about play types and brain plasticity!