Developmental Psychology Preoperational Stage

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic feature of the preoperational stage of development?

Sequential reasoning

Ability to perform complex mathematical operations

Understanding the principle of conservation

Use of language (correct)

What does egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage refer to?

The capacity for abstract thinking

The ability to understand others' perspectives

Developing a sense of conservation

The belief that the world revolves around them (correct)

Which term describes giving life to inanimate objects during the preoperational stage?

Assimilation

Rationalization

Animism (correct)

Accomodation

What is meant by the term 'scaffolding' in learning?

Providing temporary support to master tasks Signup and view all the answers

How does inner speech develop according to the content?

It involves using egocentric speech internally Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the preoperational stage?

A development of conservation principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of B.F. Skinner's contributions to behavioral analysis?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the theory of mind in children?

Ability to understand others' mental states Signup and view all the answers

What defines an ethnic group?

People united by culture, ancestry, and beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'multidimensional' in the context of development?

Multiple interacting dimensions influence development. Signup and view all the answers

Which model views people as active participants who create their own experiences?

Organismic model Signup and view all the answers

How does 'reactive development' differ from 'active development'?

Reactive development is shaped by environmental input, whereas active development involves self-motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates 'multidirectional' development?

Loss of some friendships upon entering motherhood. Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT contribute to development according to the life-span perspective?

Unchanging environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

In the context of family development, what does a nuclear family refer to?

A household unit with one or two parents. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines empiricism in development?

Learning occurs through interaction with the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a higher risk associated with the death of a spouse?

Risk of death for the widow or widower Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross?

Complacency Signup and view all the answers

In the Dual Process Model of Grieving, which orientation represents feelings of loss for the deceased?

Loss orientation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the emotional experience of bereaved individuals in the Dual Process Model?

Oscillation between grieving and preparing for life without the loved one Signup and view all the answers

How do late adults generally compare to other adults regarding their fears of death?

They have lower fears of death Signup and view all the answers

Which period of development begins at conception and ends at birth?

Prenatal Signup and view all the answers

What is Jean Jacques Rousseau's belief about children?

Children are intrinsically good Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of monotropy regarding infant attachment?

An infant has a need to form an attachment with one significant person. Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental period do children typically start school?

Early Childhood Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious emotions and drives in development?

Psychoanalytic Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by avoidance of the caregiver?

Insecure Avoidant Attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following periods of development starts at six years of age?

Middle and Late Childhood Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the role a caregiver plays as a base for exploration in securely attached infants?

Secure Base Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective analyzes thought processes and cognitive functions?

Cognitive Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by true separation distress in an infant?

A special bond that cannot be consoled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the Adolescence period in development?

Onset of puberty until 18 Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in Melanie Klein's view of attachment?

Focus on social and interpersonal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of learning perspectives in developmental psychology?

Observable behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Margareth Mahler's developmental stages, what does psychological birth refer to?

The child's separation of identity from the caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage describes an infant uniting with their own mother according to development theories?

Normal Autism Stage Signup and view all the answers

What does dependency in the context of infant attachment refer to?

Dependence for basic physiological needs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)

Children in this stage use language, but are egocentric - believing the world revolves around them.
Animism: Children give life to inanimate objects.
Children do not understand the principle of conservation, meaning they believe the amount of something changes even if only the appearance does.
Scaffolding: A process of supporting a child's learning, allowing them to take part in increasingly advanced tasks, eventually helping them master the task independently.
Language is crucial for development in this stage, leading to self-talk, private speech, and ultimately internalizing egocentric speech as inner speech.

Behavioral Analysis

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): Associating a stimulus that doesn't ordinarily elicit a response with a stimulus that does.
Operant Conditioning: Behavior is influenced by consequences.

Cognitive Advances and Declines

Cognitive development is intertwined with physical and psychosocial development.
Ethnic Group: People united by a shared culture, ancestry, religion, language, or origin. This creates a sense of shared identity, beliefs, and values.
Nuclear Family: Household unit consisting of one or two parents and their children.

Life-Span Development Approach

Development is lifelong: A continuous process influenced by previous experiences, acquiring new skills and knowledge throughout life.
Development is Multidimensional: Includes interacting biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
Development is Multidirectional: Individual growth in one area can lead to decline in another.
Relatives Influences of Biology and Culture: Development is a result of biological, cultural, and individual factors.
Observational Studies: Drawing inferences from a sample without manipulation.

Age Period of Development

Prenatal: From conception through the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, ending at birth.
Infancy and Toddlerhood: From birth to two years of age.
Early Childhood: From two years to six years of age.
Middle and Late Childhood: From six years of age until the onset of puberty.
Adolescence: From the onset of puberty until eighteen.
Emerging Adulthood: From eighteen to twenty-five.
Early Adulthood: From twenty-five to forty-five.
Middle Adulthood: From forty-five to sixty-five.
Late Adulthood: From sixty-five onwards.

Attachment Theory

Principle of Monotropy: An infant's need to form a strong attachment with one primary caregiver, typically the mother.
Secure Base: The caregiver's presence provides security as the child explores their environment.
Dependency: Reliance on another for basic needs, but not necessarily the same as attachment.
True Separation Distress: Separation anxiety, signaling a special bond.
Attachment Styles:
- Insecure Avoidant Attachment: Child avoids contact with the parent upon reunion.
- Secure Attachment Style: Child shows distress upon separation but easily calmed upon reunion, seeking comfort from the parent.
- Insecure Resistant Attachment/Ambivalent: Child shows severe distress upon separation; angry and resistant to the parent's comfort upon reunion.
- Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Child appears confused and contradictory upon reunion.

Object Relations Theory

Melanie Klein: Emphasizes the importance of social (interpersonal) relationships and the role of maternal intimacy and nurturing.
Prime Motive of Behavior: Human contact and relatedness.

Psychological Birth (Margaret Mahler)

Process of developing a sense of separate identity from the caregiver.

Grief, Bereavement, and Mourning

Grief: Normal reaction to loss.
Bereavement: The state of losing a loved one.
Mourning: The process of adapting to loss.
Five Stages of Grief (Kubler-Ross): Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.
Dual Process Model of Grieving: Oscillation between grieving the loss and adapting to life without the deceased.
- Loss Orientation: Feelings of loss and yearning for the deceased.
- Restoration Orientation: Re-establishing roles and activities.

Death and Aging

There is a higher risk of death for widows or widowers following the death of a spouse.
Anticipated or prepared death can reduce the risk of death for the bereaved.
Late Adulthood: Individual's experience with death may differ based on their level of preparation.

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Description

Explore the significant concepts of the preoperational stage of child development, focusing on egocentrism, animism, and the principle of conservation. Understand the role of scaffolding in learning and how language influences cognitive development. This quiz also touches on behavioral analysis through classical and operant conditioning.