Developmental Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?

  • Understanding changes in behavior and mental processes across the lifespan. (correct)
  • Examining the development of social skills in children.
  • Studying the impact of genetics on behavior.
  • Analyzing the effects of environmental factors on development.

    • Which of the following is considered a key theoretical debate within developmental psychology?

  • Quantitative vs. Qualitative
  • Nature vs. Nurture (correct)
  • Biology vs. Chemistry
  • Psychology vs. Sociology

    • The interactionist perspective on development emphasizes the importance of:

  • The impact of cultural norms on development.
  • Genetics as the sole determinant of development.
  • The interplay and influence of both nature and nurture. (correct)
  • The environment as the primary influence on development.

    • What is the correct order of the three periods of prenatal development?

    <p>Germinal, embryonic, fetal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a teratogen?

    <p>Exposure to sunlight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In early childhood, which area of development involves the growth of neurons and an increase in dendrites and axons?

    <p>Brain development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physical change that characterizes adolescence and puberty?

    <p>Rapid growth spurts in height and weight. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant life milestone for women during middle age?

    <p>Menopause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of secondary aging?

    <p>Changes due to disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do assimilation and accommodation have in common?

    <p>Both are processes that help schemas change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of cognitive development does formal operational thinking begin?

    <p>At 11 years and up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment is characterized by a child being upset when the mother leaves but seeking closeness upon her return?

    <p>Anxious/Ambivalent attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the first stage of Kohlberg's moral development model?

    <p>Punishment-obedience orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychosocial stage pertains to the conflict of identity vs. role confusion?

    <p>Adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'schemas' refer to in cognitive development?

    <p>Patterns that organize our interactions with the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's psychosocial stages, what conflict characterizes the stage of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?

    <p>Forming intimate relationships or feeling isolated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Developmental Psychology

    Studies age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death.

    Nature vs. Nurture

    The debate on whether heredity or environment influences development more significantly.

    Continuity vs. Stages

    Discusses whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages.

    Interactionist Perspective

    Combines both biological and environmental factors in understanding development.

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    Teratogens

    Environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development by crossing the placenta barrier.

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    Prenatal Development Stages

    Includes germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods, each with distinct developmental milestones.

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    Brain Development in Early Childhood

    Neurons grow in size and increase in dendrites and axons, crucial for early learning.

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    Menopause

    A significant life milestone for women in middle age, marking the end of menstrual cycles.

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    Male Climacteric

    A phase in late adulthood characterized by physical and psychological changes in men.

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    Primary vs Secondary Aging

    Primary aging refers to natural, gradual changes, while secondary aging involves changes that are disease-related or due to neglect.

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    Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

    Four stages describe cognitive growth: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

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    Schemas

    Basic units of intellect that help organize interactions with the environment.

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    Assimilation

    The process of integrating new information into existing schemas.

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    Ainsworth's Levels of Attachment

    Three types of attachment: Secure, Avoidant, and Anxious/Ambivalent, observed in children's relationships with caregivers.

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    Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages

    Six stages grouped into three levels: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional, detailing how moral reasoning evolves.

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    Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

    Eight stages of psychosocial development, from Trust vs. Mistrust in infancy to Ego Integrity vs. Despair in older age.

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    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology Overview

    • Developmental psychology investigates age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death.
    • The field examines various life stages, including prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.

    Lecture Overview

    • Studying development includes examining: Physical development, Cognitive development, Social, moral, and personality development, and Living psychology (meeting adult challenges).

    Life Span Development

    • A table outlining different developmental stages and their approximate ages is presented:
      • Prenatal: Conception to birth
      • Infancy: Birth to 18 months
      • Early Childhood: 18 months to 6 years
      • Middle Childhood: 6-12 years
      • Adolescence: 12-20 years
      • Young Adulthood: 20-45 years
      • Middle Adulthood: 45-60 years
      • Later Adulthood: 60 years to death

    Studying Development: Theoretical Debates

    • Nature vs. Nurture: The role of heredity versus the environment in development.
    • Continuity vs. Stages: Gradual change versus distinct stages of development.
    • Stability vs. Change: Consistency versus change in characteristics across the lifespan.

    Studying Development: Interactionist Perspective

    • The interactionist perspective is preferred by psychologists.
    • It has evolved into the biopsychosocial model.

    Prenatal Physical Development

    • Prenatal development begins at conception.
    • Prenatal development comprises three periods:
      • Germinal period: From conception to implantation in the uterus.
      • Embryonic period: After implantation (up to 8 weeks).
      • Fetal period: From 8 weeks to birth

    Hazards to Prenatal Development

    • Teratogens: Environmental agents causing prenatal damage (crossing the placenta).
    • Categories: Legal and illegal drugs, diseases, malnutrition, exposure to X-rays, and stress.
    • Various maternal factors like malnutrition, stress exposure, exposure to X-rays, and certain diseases can have damaging effects on prenatal development.

    Early Childhood Physical Development

    • Early childhood physical development focuses on changes in the brain, motor skills, and perceptual development.

    Brain Development

    • Neuron size and dendrite/axon numbers increase during early childhood.
      • Growth illustrated in figures from birth to 24 months.

    Motor Development

    • Motor skills emerge in a specific order.
    • Examples: Chin up, rolls over, sits with support/alone, stands holding furniture, walks holding on, stands alone, walks alone, walks up steps.
      • Timeframes associated with each milestone are provided (e.g., 2.2 mo, 2.8 mo).

    Sensory and Perceptual Development

    • Senses of smell, taste, touch, and hearing are well-developed at birth.
    • Vision is relatively underdeveloped at birth.

    Adolescence and Puberty

    • Adolescence is marked by significant physical changes.
    • Examples of physical changes include underarm and pubic hair growth, breast development, uterine enlargement, onset of menstruation, facial/underarm hair growth, and the enlargement of the larynx and growth of the penis and testes, with the beginning of ejaculation.
    • The endocrine system (and hormones released by adrenal, pituitary, and other glands) trigger these changes.

    Adulthood

    • Middle age: Women experience menopause, a significant life event; men experience the male climacteric.
      • Late adulthood: Includes primary (gradual) aging and secondary (diseased-related) aging.

    Cognitive Development

    • Jean Piaget proposed stages of cognitive development in infancy and beyond.
    • Schemas: Basic units of intellect, organizing interactions with the environment.
    • Assimilation: Absorbing new information into existing schemas.
    • Accommodation: Adjusting existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new experiences.
    • Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
    • Each stage is characterized by specific cognitive abilities and limitations, with ages indicated for each stage.

    Social, Moral, and Personality Development

    • Social development: Includes attachment (a strong emotional bond with others), illustrated with Harlow's research with monkeys.
    • Attachment Styles: Includes securely attached, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent attachment styles.
    • Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure is discussed for classifying different attachment types.
    • Moral development, as per Kohlberg, based on observed responses to moral dilemmas.
    • Stages of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) are discussed. Specific stages and level examples are provided, (e.g., punishment-obedience orientation, good child orientation, law and order orientation).

    Personality Development

    • Erikson's eight psychosocial stages of development are discussed and described. Each stage is associated with a particular psychosocial crisis or challenge affecting development, with ages provided for each stage (e.g., trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt).

    Death and Dying

    • Coping with death and dying. Cultural differences, and age-related variations in coping with death are mentioned.
    • Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

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    Developmental Psychology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of developmental psychology, focusing on the changes in behavior and mental processes across the lifespan. It covers various life stages from conception to death, including physical, cognitive, and social development. Test your knowledge on the critical theories and aspects of lifespan development.

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