Developmental Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is an age grade?

  • A type of educational curriculum for children
  • A method of measuring life expectancy
  • A socially defined age group assigned different roles (correct)
  • A genetic factor that determines behavior

Which of the following best describes a rite of passage?

  • A legislative change concerning age restrictions
  • A form of cultural dance
  • A ritual marking the transition from one status to another (correct)
  • A norm that dictates age-appropriate behavior

How have age norms changed in recent times?

  • They have been recently weakening (correct)
  • They have become irrelevant in modern societies
  • They have been universally adopted across cultures
  • They have become more strictly defined

What concept refers to a person's perception of when life events should occur?

<p>Social clock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical period is associated with recognizing adolescence as a distinct phase?

<p>Late 19th century (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we understand by the nature-nurture issue?

<p>The debate about genetic predisposition versus environmental influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average life expectancy trend indicated in the content?

<p>It is generally greater for females than for males (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of studying development across the lifespan?

<p>To optimize individual development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deferred imitation in infants?

<p>Imitating a novel act after a delay. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of operant conditioning in infants?

<p>Memory retention decreases with time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'metamemory' refer to?

<p>Knowledge of memory processes and self-monitoring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are preservation errors in the context of memory strategies in children?

<p>Continuing to use ineffective strategies that were once successful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does childhood amnesia affect adults' memories?

<p>Adults cannot retrieve memories from infancy or early childhood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT part of the changes in basic capacities hypothesis regarding memory development?

<p>The ability to use memory strategies effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rehearsal in memory development?

<p>To enhance storage and retrieval of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effect of a child's knowledge base on learning and memory performance?

<p>An organized knowledge base can support decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reminiscence bump in relation to memory?

<p>An increased ability to recall specific memories from one's 20s. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory tends to be stronger in older adults?

<p>Semantic memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one strategy that older adults can use to cope with memory loss?

<p>Engaging in regular practice of skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do older adults typically perform on traditional problem-solving tasks?

<p>They tend to ask very specific questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selective optimization with compensation involve?

<p>Focusing on a limited set of goals and practicing the necessary skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychometric approach, how is intelligence defined?

<p>As a set of traits that characterize individuals differently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is part of Spearman's 2-factor theory of intelligence?

<p>General mental ability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory loss is often seen in older adults?

<p>A significant gap between recognition ability and recall ability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for generating new neurons throughout a person's life?

<p>Neurogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere shows greater integration during middle age that contributes to creativity?

<p>Both left and right hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by a severe form of physical and affective symptoms before menstruation?

<p>PDD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during female menopause?

<p>Drop in female hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of aging suggests that aging is due to species-specific genetic programming?

<p>Programmed theories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hayflick limit related to cellular processes?

<p>Limit to cellular division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of progressive osteoarthritis?

<p>Decreased mobility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on perception emphasizes that it is constructed through learning and experience?

<p>Constructivism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the scaffolding theory of aging suggest about compensating for neurological losses?

<p>Activity in unaffected areas increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change has been linked to extended longevity and reduced age-related diseases?

<p>Caloric restriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metalinguistic awareness?

<p>Knowledge of language as a system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mindset is characterized by the belief that abilities are fixed?

<p>Fixed mindset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the development of a growth mindset?

<p>Inflexible beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of phases in learning to read?

<p>Pre-alphabetic phase, Partial alphabetic phase, Full alphabetic phase, Consolidated alphabetic phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves learning the shapes and sounds of letters?

<p>Partial alphabetic phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dyslexia primarily associated with?

<p>Reading problems caused by neural activity differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of fixed mindset according to child contributions?

<p>Performance goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the early stages of reading development?

<p>Emergent literacy skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Flynn Effect suggest about average IQ scores over time?

<p>They are increasing due to environmental factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not associated with changes in fluid intelligence as people age?

<p>Increased genetic influence over determinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not constitute wisdom as described in the content?

<p>High intelligence quotient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of intellectual disabilities according to the information presented?

<p>Significantly below-average intellectual functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the dual process approach to cognition, what describes System 1 thinking?

<p>Fast and often prone to error. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is identified as significantly influencing child IQ scores?

<p>Parental involvement with the child (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do heuristics play in System 1 thinking?

<p>They accelerate responses without thorough thinking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a result of the cumulative-deficit hypothesis?

<p>Negative impact from impoverished environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of motivation in academic achievement according to the provided information?

<p>It interacts with IQ tests to predict success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is least likely to be associated with gifted children?

<p>Tendency for extreme procrastination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is least likely to affect the development of language skills in children?

<p>Visual learning through television (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the FOXP2 gene in language acquisition?

<p>Associated with necessary motor skills for speech. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about creativity in older years is accurate?

<p>Experience becomes essential for creative achievement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for speech production?

<p>Broca's area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Age Grades?

Socially defined age groups in society with assigned roles, statuses, privileges, and responsibilities.

What is a Rite of Passage?

Rituals marking the transition from one social status to another, such as a Quinceañera.

What are Age Norms?

Cultural expectations for behavior at different ages, which have recently been weakening.

What is a Social Clock?

A person's sense of when things should be done in life, often influenced by social expectations.

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What is Maturation?

The biological unfolding of an individual as planned by their genes.

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What is Environment?

All external physical and social conditions, stimuli, and events that influence development.

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What is Learning?

A permanent change in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to experience.

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What is the Nature-Nurture Issue?

The ongoing debate about the relative influences of heredity and environment on development.

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Neurogenesis

The process of generating new neurons throughout life.

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Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Compensation (STAC)

A theory suggesting that the brain compensates for age-related decline by increasing activity in other areas.

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A severe form of PMS that includes emotional and psychological symptoms.

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Menopause

The time when female hormones decline, leading to a cessation of the menstrual cycle.

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Male Andropause

A condition characterized by decreasing testosterone levels in men, leading to symptoms such as low libido and erectile dysfunction.

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Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease causing pain and stiffness.

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Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing fracture risk.

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Programmed Theories of Aging

Theories that suggest aging is programmed by genetics.

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Hayflick Limit

A theoretical limit to the number of times a cell can divide.

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Damage Theories of Aging

Theories that suggest aging is caused by accumulated damage to cells and tissues.

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Habituation

A research method where infants are repeatedly exposed to a stimulus until they become bored and look away. This is used to assess if they can learn and remember new things.

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Operant Conditioning

A research method where infants learn to associate a behavior with a reward or punishment. This helps to understand if infants can understand cause and effect.

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Object Search

A research method where infants are tested on their ability to remember the location of a hidden object. This helps to understand how their object permanence develops.

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Imitation

A research method where infants are shown a new action and then tested later to see if they can imitate it. This helps to understand if they can learn and remember complex actions.

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Memory

The ability to remember and retrieve past experiences, involving encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.

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Changes in Basic Capacities

The increasing efficiency of mental processes due to the development of the brain, including areas like working memory and processing speed.

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Changes in Memory Strategies

Strategies used to improve how information is encoded and retrieved, including rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.

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Metamemory

Understanding one's own memory and how it works, including the ability to monitor and control memory processes.

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Metalinguistic Awareness

Knowledge of how language works as a system, like how letters make sounds or how sentences are structured.

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Dyslexia

A learning disability causing reading problems because the brain processes speech sounds differently.

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Mastery Goals

A desire to learn new things to improve abilities, not just to prove them.

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Fixed Mindset

Believing that abilities are fixed and unchangeable, leading to less effort.

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Growth Mindset

Believing that abilities can grow and change with effort, motivating learners to strive.

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Phonological Awareness

The ability to break down words into individual sounds (phonemes), which is crucial for reading.

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Alphabetic Principle

The understanding that letters represent sounds, a foundation for reading.

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Emergent Literacy

Skills and knowledge that help children develop reading abilities, like knowing letters and sounds.

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Reminiscence Bump

Describes the phenomenon where people tend to recall a disproportionate number of personal memories from adolescence and early adulthood (around their 20s).

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Life Script

A personal narrative that shapes an individual's understanding of their life, often emphasizing positive events and minimizing negative ones.

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Memory in Older Adults

The ability to recognize information is usually preserved, while the ability to recall it without cues is significantly impaired. Information is stored, but retrieval is difficult.

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Semantic Memory in Older Adults

The ability to access general knowledge and facts about the world (e.g., knowing the capital of France) remains relatively stable in older adults.

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Implicit Memory in Older Adults

The ability to perform tasks without conscious awareness (e.g., riding a bike) is generally better preserved in older adults compared to explicit memory.

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Problem-Solving in Older Adults

Older adults often struggle on standard problem-solving tasks that require them to consider multiple possibilities. They tend to ask very specific questions rather than open-ended, thought-provoking ones.

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Selective Optimization with Compensation

This theory explains how older adults adapt to age-related cognitive changes by focusing on what matters most, practicing those skills, and finding ways to compensate for any limitations.

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Metamemory in Older Adults

The ability to think about one's own cognitive processes (e.g., knowing when you've learned something well) remains strong in older adults.

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Flynn Effect

The phenomenon of average IQ scores increasing across generations worldwide. It suggests that environmental factors, not genetics, are the primary cause.

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Dysrationalia

The ability to think and behave rationally despite having good intelligence.

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System 1 Thinking

A fast, automatic, and intuitive way of thinking that relies on mental shortcuts and can sometimes result in inaccurate answers.

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System 2 Thinking

A slower, deliberate, and logical way of thinking that requires effort but usually leads to more accurate answers.

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Wisdom

The ability to understand and apply knowledge to real-life situations, characterized by a combination of factual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and the capacity to balance multiple perspectives.

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Ideation

The process of generating creative ideas, often the first stage of a creative endeavor.

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Elaboration

The process of developing creative ideas into tangible outcomes, often involving execution and refining.

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Cumulative-Deficit Hypothesis

The idea that impoverished environments hinder intellectual growth, and their effects accumulate over time.

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Intellectual Disability

A condition characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive behavior, originating before the age of 18.

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Giftedness

A condition characterized by significantly above-average intellectual functioning, often with exceptional abilities or talents.

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Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word, like the difference between 'bat' and 'cat'.

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Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit in language, like 'un' in 'unhappy' or 'ed' in 'walked'.

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Syntax

The rules for combining words into sentences.

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Semantics

The study of meaning in language, like understanding the difference between 'hot' and 'cold'.

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Pragmatics

The rules for using language appropriately in different social contexts, like talking differently to a friend versus a boss.

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Study Notes

Table of Contents

  • Week 1: Introduction and Main Theories (reading 1+2)
  • Week 2: Biology and Development (reading 3+4+5)
  • Week 3: Perception, Action, and Cognition (reading 6+7)
  • Week 4: Memory and Intelligence (reading 8+9)
  • Week 5: Language, Education, and Self (reading 10+11)
  • Week 6: Social Emotional Development and the Family (reading 13+14+15)
  • Week 7: Disorders Across Development (reading 15+16)

Defining Development

  • Development is systematic changes and continuities from conception to death.
  • Changes include physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains.
  • Development implies continuities as well as changes.

Conceptualizing the Life-Span

  • Emerging adulthood is a new period of the life span, primarily seen in developed countries.
  • It's a transitional period between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood.
  • Young adults spend more time in education and saving money to establish a life.

Rite of Passage, Age Norms, and Social Clock

  • Rites of passage are rituals marking transitions from one status to another.
  • Age norms dictate expectations for behavior at different stages of life.
  • The social clock dictates the perceived appropriate time for events like marriage.

Nature-Nurture Issue

  • The nature-nurture issue explores how biological and environmental factors influence development.
  • Nature proponents highlight heredity and maturation (biological unfolding).
  • Nurture proponents emphasize environmental forces and learning.

G. Stanley Hall Modern Life-Span Perspective

  • G. Stanley Hall is considered the founder of developmental psychology.
  • The life-span perspective emphasises the lifelong, multidirectional, multi-influenced, and patterned nature of development

Conducting Culturally Sensitive Research

  • Researchers have a responsibility to conduct culturally sensitive research to avoid bias in development studies.
  • Cross-cultural studies are a methodology adapted to understanding human development in more diverse ways.

Theories of Human Development

  • Different theories provide distinct lenses to view the complexities of human development.
  • Theories like psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive developmental serve as a context to examine different approaches.
  • Supporters of nature focus on biological predispositions and universal maturational processes guided by genes.
  • Nurture proponents see the environment as crucial to develop the individual.
  • Continuity versus discontinuity refers to whether development occurs gradually or abruptly over time.

Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Freud's theory outlines personality development through psychosexual stages.
  • Stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
  • Erikson's theory emphasized psychosocial development through stages from infancy to adulthood.
  • Stages include trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, and initiative versus guilt, etc

Learning Theories

  • Watson's classical conditioning emphasizes learning through association.
  • Skinner's operant conditioning highlights learning through consequences (reinforcement and punishment).
  • Bandura's social cognitive theory focuses on observational learning and reciprocal determinism.

Cognitive Developmental Theory

  • Piaget's theory describes stages in cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
  • Piaget focused on the interactions between the individual's biology and experiences.
  • Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural tools in cognitive development.

Bioecological Model

  • Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model conceptualizes development within nested environmental systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem).

The Human Genome Project

  • The Human Genome Project aimed to map and sequence all human genes.
  • Genetic variations exist but most of human DNA is identical.
  • The determination of sex depends on 23rd chromosomal pair.

Genes, Environment, and Development

  • Species heredity refers to genetic features shared within a species
  • Natural selection is a key evolutionary principle.
  • Individual heredity covers conception and resulting zygote, chromosomes, genes and mechanisms of inheritance.
  • Single-gene, sex-linked and polygenic mechanisms of inheritance are fundamental and unique to human development

Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences

  • Heritability in traits refers to the amount of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences.
  • Twin studies, adoption studies, and family studies are used to investigate gene-environment interactions.

Emotional Development

  • Early emotional development includes primary and self-conscious emotions.
  • Emotional competence involves recognizing, understanding, expressing, and regulating emotions.

Perspectives on Relationships

  • Attachment is a strong affectional tie that develops between infants and primary caregivers.

Attachment Formation

  • Imprinting in animals and attachment in humans follow sensitive periods.
  • Bowlby developed the attachment theory.

The Child

  • Different attachment styles exist based on the caregivers' emotional responses.

The Adolescent

  • Changes in the brain involve grey matter loss and white matter increases, resulting in improvements and decline in specific domains of thinking.
  • The adolescents' social world grows more complex.

The Adult

  • People experience changes in their sensory abilities as they age.
  • Dementia generally reflects a weakening in brain regions and functions impacting cognition negatively.

Learning to Read

  • Reading development has a sequence of stages for development
  • Children progress in various stages, from the pre-alphabetic to the consolidated alphabetic phase. This progression is shaped by factors like experience, language, and motivation
  • It is essential to consider the importance of culture and environmental factors in literacy development.

Social Cognition

  • Social cognition involves understanding others' perceptions, thoughts, emotions, motives, and behaviors.
  • Theory of mind helps understand people's intentions, beliefs, and desires.

Moral Development

  • Moral development involves understanding and enacting rules, developing empathy, and making judgments about right or wrong.
  • Kohlberg's theory describes stages of moral reasoning, from avoiding punishment to following societal rules to maintaining universal moral principles.
  • Social learning theory suggests that morality is learned through observation, reinforcement, and punishment.
  • Evolutionary theory emphasizes morality as an adaptive mechanism for social cooperation and survival.

Intelligence and Creativity

  • Intelligence, traditionally thought of as a singular entity, can be assessed across various domains.
  • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes three distinct components: practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.
  • Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences suggests diverse abilities like musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, and interpersonal abilities
  • Creativity involves divergent thinking, generating multiple solutions, and being inventive
  • Creative ability also has developmental trajectory across the lifespan.

Memory and Information Processing

  • Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval stages to process and use information.
  • Working memory manages temporarily stored information from sensory input and long-term memory.
  • The development of memory changes throughout the lifespan and can be studied through observation.

Autobiographical Memory

  • Autobiographical memories are episodic memories of personal events.
  • Childhood amnesia is the inability of adults to recall early childhood memories.
  • Memory strategies develop and mature across the lifespan.

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Developmental Psychology Summary PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology, including age grades, rites of passage, and memory development. This quiz covers significant theories and trends related to human development across the lifespan. Assess how various factors influence cognitive and emotional growth in individuals.

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