Developmental Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the top-down approach in intervention activities?

Consider client factors first

Determine factors limiting participation

Interview with family/caregiver (correct)

Evaluation of specific skills

Which statement best describes experience-expectant brain growth?

Positive early experiences are essential for normal growth. (correct)

It is associated only with later life experiences.

Negative experiences have no impact on brain development.

It occurs solely based on spontaneously occurring experiences.

What does the phrase 'use it or lose it' refer to in the context of experience-dependent neuroplasticity?

Retaining skills through consistent practice.

The necessity of repeated activities for skill retention.

Skill development only occurs during early childhood.

Abilities not engaged will diminish over time. (correct)

What role does the concept of transference play in experience-dependent neuroplasticity?

It emphasizes the transfer of learned skills to various environments. Signup and view all the answers

What do reflexes indicate in the context of development?

They reflect the coordination of internal and external systems. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'occupational deprivation' refer to?

Being denied access to occupations due to external factors Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes understanding the child's skills before intervention?

Bottom up approach Signup and view all the answers

How can societal and political norms affect a child's occupational participation?

They can limit engagement in certain activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'just right challenge' concept focused on?

Creating a balance between challenge and success Signup and view all the answers

What does 'occupational marginalization' indicate?

Exclusion from meaningful tasks based on societal norms Signup and view all the answers

In occupational science, what is a main focus of study?

Understanding human activity and its benefits Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a situation where an individual feels a loss of identity due to their work?

Occupational alienation Signup and view all the answers

Which model considers unique human features along with their values and goals?

Occupational-centered model Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development is described as multidimensional?

Growth involves simultaneous changes across biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding age-graded influences on development?

They are associated with age norms, such as when children start walking. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the period of early adulthood?

Establishing intimate relationships and starting a career. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the bioecological model?

Metasystem Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'being' component of occupational perspectives on health emphasize?

Time for reflection and rest related to participation. Signup and view all the answers

Which age range corresponds with middle adulthood?

40-65 years Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'discontinuous development' imply?

There are significant shifts and changes at certain stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the adolescence stage of development?

Autonomy and physical changes such as puberty are emphasized. Signup and view all the answers

What role do historical graded influences play in development?

They impact individuals based on events occurring during a specific period. Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurs in the sensory motor stage between 6-12 months?

Understanding of balance and anticipation of movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?

Head grows faster than the body during fetal development Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically start to exhibit depth perception?

5-7 months Signup and view all the answers

What role does nutrition play in child growth during infancy?

Breastfeeding provides necessary immunity and socialization Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the changes in a newborn's sleep pattern?

Sleep needs decrease as they approach two years of age Signup and view all the answers

What brain area is primarily associated with emotional processing in children with autism?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of autism in children?

Consistent eye contact Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental process allows infants to recall and imitate actions seen in others?

Deferred imitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of classical conditioning in early development?

It establishes connections between stimuli and natural responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the M-Chat tool?

Assess risk for ASD in toddlers Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes a group of permanent disorders affecting movement and posture due to brain disturbances?

Cerebral palsy Signup and view all the answers

Which auditory development occurs around 6-7 months of age?

Ability to differentiate types of music and musical phrasing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the proximodistal trend of growth?

Growth from the center of the body outward Signup and view all the answers

What might be a potential cause of cerebral palsy?

Prenatal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is an impact of malnutrition during infancy?

Long-term effects on organ health Signup and view all the answers

What type of motor control issue is characterized by involuntary movements and difficulty maintaining posture?

Dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

At what age is cerebral palsy typically diagnosed?

12-24 months Signup and view all the answers

Physical growth patterns indicate that girls aged 6-8 years generally show which trend?

Lighter weight Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development

Development is dependent on opportunity
Development is multidimensional: biological, psychological, and social
Development is multidirectional: growth and decline occur simultaneously in all areas of development
Development is influenced by age-graded influences, historical influences, and interacting forces
Age-graded influences are age norms, like feeding, walking, and attending school
Historical-graded influences are events occurring during a period, like wars, pandemics, or social movements

Developmental Theories

Behaviorism focuses on how behaviors are learned through conditioning
Classical conditioning focuses on associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, unconditioned response
Operant conditioning focuses on using reinforcement to modify behaviors, such as rewards or punishments
Social learning theory focuses on the role of observation and social interactions in learning
Cognitive development theory focuses on how individuals' thinking processes change with age
Information-processing theory focuses on the cognitive processes involved in perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving
Sociocultural theory and ecological systems theory focus on the influence of social and cultural contexts on development

Bioecological Model

Microsystem: individual
Mesosystem: family, childcare, neighborhood
Exosystem: friends, workplace, community, health services
Macrosystem: overarching values, laws, and customs

Periods of Human Development

Prenatal: Conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood: Birth to 2 years
Early childhood: 2-6 years
Middle childhood: 6-11 years
Adolescence: 11-18 years
Early adulthood: 18-40 years
Middle adulthood: 40-65 years
Late adulthood: 65 to death

Occupational Perspectives on Health (OPH)

Doing: active or passive engagement in occupation
Being: time for rest and reflection
Becoming: reaching one's potential and achieving desired outcomes
Belonging: feeling a sense of connection and belonging within a community

Transactional Relationships

Participation in occupations is influenced by:
- Individual's social contexts
- Engagement in family, cultural, and community activities
- Societal and political norms
- Physical, psychological, and social-emotional trauma

Occupational-Centered Lens

Top-down approach: Disability first, referral-based
Partners with family, child, and caretakers
Aims to improve occupational performance within the child's context
Bottom-up approach: Person-first, assessment-based
Focuses on identifying strengths and skills to build upon

Occupational Science

Studies human activity and occupations
Examines the benefits of participation in occupation
Seeks rationale for occupation selection
Explores the significance and meaning of human activity
Recognizes that development is not linear or sequential
Emphasizes the need for quantitative evaluation to generalize findings

Occupational Injustices

Occupational deprivation: lack of access to occupations due to factors outside one's control
Occupational apartheid: Limiting participation in occupations based on factors such as age, race, ability, or ethnicity
Occupational marginalization: exclusion from participation based on social norms
Occupational imbalance: spending too much time on one occupation at the expense of others
Occupational alienation: lack of meaning and purpose in work.

Just Right Challenge

Challenging and motivating tasks that are not too difficult or easy

Occupational-Centered Models vs. Frames of Reference

Occupational-Centered Models:
- Considers unique human features and values
- Focuses on strengths, challenges, and goals
- Uses consistent terminology, principles, assessments, and interventions
Frames of Reference:
- Connect theory to practice and intervention
- Provides structure for interventions and activities

Dynamic Systems Theory

Performance and action patterns emerge from interactions and collaborations between internal and external systems

Experience-Expectant Brain Growth

Experiences encountered during critical periods of development
Positive experiences contribute to normal brain development
Negative experiences or lack of opportunities can lead to delays or cognitive deficits

Experience-Dependent Neuroplasticity

Brain changes based on experiences throughout life
"Use it or lose it"
"Use it and improve it": practicing skills
Specificity: targeting specific areas for improvement
Repetition, intensity, time, salience, transference, and interference are influences on neuroplasticity.

Reflexes

Demonstrate the functionality of the nervous system
Typically disappear over time.

Stages of Sensory-Motor Development

Neonatal (0-3/4 months): Organizing sensory systems
4-6 months: Increasing head strength, more sensory exploration, rudimentary sitting
6-12 months: More object control, development of vocabulary through play and association of words with actions

Body Growth

Height: Doubles in the first year, increases by 75% by age two
Weight: Doubles by five months, triples by one year, quadruples by two years

Body Proportions

Cephalocaudal Trend: Head grows faster in utero, head is ¼ of body length at birth, legs are 1/3 of body length
Proximodistal Trend: Head, chest, trunk, limbs, hands, and feet develop in this sequence

Skeletal Growth

Determined through X-rays of long bones
Cartilage plays a role in bone development
Girls experience faster skeletal growth and maturation than boys

Arousal and Sleep

Rapid brain growth in the first two years requires significant sleep
Sleep needs decrease with age
Cultural considerations influence sleep patterns.

Growth Influences

Heredity
Nutrition: 25% more caloric intake needed to support growth
Breastfeeding: Provides immunity, socialization through holding, and bonding
Malnutrition: Long-term impacts on organ development

Learned Behaviors

Classical Conditioning: Learning through associating a neutral stimulus with a natural reflex
Operant Conditioning: Learning through feedback, reinforcement, and punishment
Habituation: Gradual decrease in attention to a repeated stimulus
Imitation: Learning by observing and copying behavior

Perception Development

Hearing:
- Preferences emerge by 4-7 months
- Ability to distinguish musical phrasing and types of music by 6-7 months
- Recognize songs by 12 months
Speech Perception:
- Newborns prefer speech sounds to non-speech sounds
- Recognize syllable stress in native language by 5 months
- Recognize speech sound patterns and clusters by 6 months
Visual Perception:
- Infants prefer faces and familiarity
- Respond to emotions by five months
- Wider range of emotions and expressions recognized by 7 months
- Beginning with a narrow focus and then transitioning to more refined attention
Depth Perception:
- Blink reflex emerges at 2-3 weeks
- Binocular vision begins around 2-3 months
- Awareness of 3D and partially hidden objects by 5-7 months
- Intermodal Perception: Integration of multiple sensory stimuli

Imitation

Deferred Imitation: Recall of novel actions for 1-6 days (6-9 months)
Inferred Imitation: Imitating actions with purpose and efficiency, attempting to perform actions as expected (12-18 months)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Brain Development: Larger brains in one-year-olds with ASD, excessive growth in the prefrontal cortex
Speech and Language Processing: Deficient left-hemisphere response to speech sounds leading to impacts on communication
Amygdala: Emotional processing is affected in individuals with ASD
Connections Between Amygdala and Temporal Lobes: Difficulty interpreting facial expressions

Signs and Symptoms of ASD

Social Communication and Interaction Skills:
- Avoidance of eye contact
- Lack of response to name
- Limited facial expressions
Restricted or Repetitive Behaviors or Interests:
- Echolalia: Repetition of words or phrases
- Obsessive Interests: Preoccupation with narrow topics
- Resistance to change
Developmental Delays: Delays in language, skills, and motor development
Other Potential Features: Seizures, lack of fear, excessive fear
Challenges in Building Relationships

M-CHAT

Evaluates the risk for ASD in toddlers

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Condition arising from rapid myelination of the sensory and motor tracts and CNS structures
Most cases (70-80%) occur prenatally, some during birth, and others postnatally up to two years of age.
Group of permanent disorders affecting movement and posture due to non-progressive disturbances in the developing brain.

Cerebral Palsy Deficits

Sensory disturbances (sensation and perception)
Cognitive impairments
Communication challenges
Behavioral issues
Non-progressive nature: the condition doesn't worsen over time

Potential Causes of CP

Multiple births
Prenatal infections (rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis)
Low birth weight
Multiple pregnancies
Maternal health factors:
- Stress
- Hypertension
- Substance use
- Gestational diabetes
Trauma

Motor Impact of CP

Varies based on the location and extent of brain lesions
Paralysis: Loss of movement
Spasticity: Muscle stiffness
Abnormal Motor Control: Difficulty coordinating movements

Diagnosis of CP

Medical history of the infant and risk factors
Physical examinations
Standardized motor assessment
Neuroimaging (MRI, CT scans )

Prechtl Qualitative Assessment of General Movements

Predictive tool for detecting CP in infants
Evaluates spontaneous movement patterns
Detects abnormal writhing (cramped) movements indicative of CP.

Clinical and Motor Signs of CP

Often diagnosed between 12-24 months of age
Spasticity: Muscles are stiff and tight
Dyskinesia: Involuntary movements
Ataxia: Poor muscle control, lack of coordination
Hypotonia: Low muscle tone, floppy limbs

Types of CP

Athetosis:
- Damage to corpus stratum in basal ganglia
- Difficulty maintaining posture
- Involuntary slow, writhing movements
Chorea:
- Random, fast, unpredictable movements
- Difficult to control movements
Ataxic:
- Poor balance, coordination, and postural control
- Difficulty maintaining equilibrium
- More volitional control over individual movements

CP Comorbidities

Chronic pain: Persistent pain due to muscle stiffness and joint problems
Epilepsy: Seizures
Intellectual disability: Learning disabilities
Musculoskeletal problems: Joint deformities, scoliosis
Behavioral disorders: Anxiety, depression
Sleep disorders: Difficulty sleeping
Functional blindness: Vision impairments
Hearing impairments: Hearing loss
Sensory Processing Difficulties: Challenges processing sensory input

Physical Growth (6-11 Years)

Girls:
- Lighter between 6-8 years of age
- Experience a growth spurt at 9 years old
- More body fat than boys
Boys:
- Taller between 6-8 years of age
- Greater muscle mass than girls

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of development, including its multidimensional and multidirectional nature, as well as the influences shaping it. This quiz also delves into major developmental theories like behaviorism, classical and operant conditioning, social learning, and cognitive development.