Developmental Psychology Overview

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory, where infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust in the world based on their caregivers' responsiveness.

This stage focuses on toddlers (18 months to 3 years) learning to assert their independence and control over their bodies and actions. Success leads to autonomy, while failure results in shame and doubt.

Erikson's theory emphasizes that successfully resolving each stage is crucial for healthy development. Failure to do so can hinder progress and lead to difficulties in later stages.

In Erikson's theory, each stage is characterized by a conflict or crisis that individuals must navigate and resolve. This conflict represents a turning point in development.

Successful resolution of a stage in Erikson's theory leads to the development of specific virtues, which represent positive personality traits. These virtues are essential for healthy development.

The process of resolving each stage in Erikson's theory is highly influenced by the individual's social environment and the support they receive.

Erikson's theory has had a significant impact on practices related to teaching and child-rearing, as it highlights the importance of social and emotional development in early childhood.

Erikson's theory offers therapists a framework for understanding and addressing the conflicts that patients may be struggling with, providing insight into potential root causes of difficulties.

Involuntary movements triggered by specific stimuli, helping infants survive.

Touching an infant's cheek near the mouth causes them to turn their head and start sucking.

Stroking an infant's foot from toe to heel causes their toes to fan out and foot to twist inward.

Holding an infant horizontally and dropping their head slightly or making a loud noise causes them to arch their back, extend their legs, and fling out their arms.

Pressing a finger against an infant's palm causes them to grasp tightly.

Holding an infant upright with their bare feet on a surface causes them to lift one foot, then the other.

Putting a finger in an infant's mouth causes them to suck.

Natural growth processes that bring about changes in behavior, thought, and physical development, relatively unaffected by experience.

They are more likely to experience health issues, mental disorders, substance abuse and criminal behavior.

Babies who are abused and neglected are often withdrawn and fearful.

Most children are able to overcome adversity and develop into healthy adults.

The Harlow's monkey experiment showed that complete social isolation can have severe long-term consequences on social and emotional development.

Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious form of abuse that can lead to severe brain injuries and lifelong disabilities.

Aggressive shaking causes the baby's brain to bounce inside the skull, leading to bleeding and swelling.

Shaken Baby Syndrome can cause various symptoms, including vomiting, breathing difficulties, and decreased activity.

Research suggests that babies raised in orphanages without adequate care and stimulation may experience delays in their emotional and cognitive development.

The way children use existing knowledge to understand new information.

Modifying existing knowledge to fit new information.

A set of ideas about the world, often based on experiences.

Piaget's theory that explains how children's thinking develops in four stages.

The belief that everyone is focused on an adolescent's appearance and behavior, like being the center of attention on a stage.

The stage where infants use their senses and motor skills to learn about the world.

The feeling of being unique and invincible, where an adolescent believes their experiences are special and nobody else understands them.

A common pattern of thinking among adolescents, where they overestimate their own importance and assume everyone is focused on them.

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when you can't see them.

The ability to manipulate mental symbols, like words and images, to represent the world.

This stage in Erikson's theory focuses on adolescents figuring out who they are, what they believe in, and what their purpose is in life.

A child's ability to understand that something can be moved or changed, but still remain the same object.

This stage in Erikson's theory, if successfully navigated, results in a strong sense of self and a clear understanding of one's values and goals.

The physical changes that occur during puberty, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.

The average age of puberty onset has been decreasing due to factors like better nutrition, increased weight, and environmental influences.

Hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics during puberty.

A hormone mainly responsible for female sexual development and characteristics during puberty.

The physical structures directly involved in reproduction, such as ovaries in females and testes in males.

Early maturing boys often experience social advantages, but late maturing boys may develop a stronger sense of identity.

Early maturing girls may have more negative social experiences compared to late maturing girls, but research findings are complex.

The hormone (estrogen) that plays a crucial role in the physical development of females during puberty.