Developmental Psychology: Morality
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Questions and Answers

Under what condition do children feel distress when an adult is in need of help?

  • When another child helps the adult
  • When the adult is indifferent to the situation
  • When no one helps the adult (correct)
  • When the adult explicitly states they need help

    • What type of motivation occurs when an action is performed because it feels nice and right?

  • External motivation
  • Intrinsic motivation (correct)
  • Reinforced motivation
  • Coerced motivation

    • What effect does the 'Help' condition have on children's distress?

  • It causes children to feel guilty
  • It increases pupil dilation
  • It reduces pupil dilation (correct)
  • It has no effect on distress

    • What inference can be drawn when children realize an adult does not want help?

    <p>Children do not offer help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to children's distress when someone else helps an adult?

    <p>It is reduced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a child causes harm to someone, what do they tend to feel?

    <p>They want to help themselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition leads to children feeling neutral or displaying reduced distress?

    <p>Help condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of extrinsic motivation?

    <p>It is based on external rewards such as praise or money (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children start demonstrating more active prosocial behaviors like helping and sharing?

    <p>1-3 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emotional response of newborns when hearing other babies cry?

    <p>Empathy distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions show infants' social preferences according to the studies mentioned?

    <p>They prefer good guys (helpers) over bad guys (hinderers). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'second-person morality' in the context of child development?

    <p>Children's understanding of emotions in others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'social preferences' refer to in the context of infants?

    <p>Their tendency to favor helping others over harming them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Dondi et al. (1999) demonstrate newborn distress?

    <p>By comparing responses to their own and other babies' cries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has been shown to prefer neutral responses over helpers?

    <p>Infants aged 6-10 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic develops in children after the age of 3?

    <p>Sophisticated moral understanding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do 3-year-olds tend to do when faced with a harmful person versus a neutral person?

    <p>They avoid helping the harmful person. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the motivational aspects of helping in young children?

    <p>Helping emerges naturally without the need for encouragement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do infants show when they hear another baby cry, indicating early sympathetic emotions?

    <p>They may try to help the crying baby. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of selective helping, how do children view the intentions behind actions?

    <p>They consider the intentions but ignore accidental harm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the cross-cultural similarities in infants regarding helping behavior?

    <p>Infants show similarities in helping across various cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do accidental harm and intended but failed harm play in children's evaluation of helping actions?

    <p>Children consider the intentions behind actions over the success or failure of the action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about how encouragement affects children's helping behavior?

    <p>Children are motivated by intrinsic factors rather than external encouragement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might lead a child to decide to help someone?

    <p>If they feel sympathetic towards the person's needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the two-step model of human morality as defined by Tomasello & Vaish?

    <p>Second-person morality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically start focusing on norm-based morality according to the two-step model?

    <p>Age 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes the second step of the two-step model of morality?

    <p>Agent-neutral morality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the two-step model, what is meant by 'agent-neutral' morality?

    <p>Morality that applies equally to all individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional responses are associated with the enforcement of social norms in preschoolers?

    <p>Guilt and shame (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the development of morality in children aged 1 to 3?

    <p>They focus on second-personal morality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do preschoolers express their understanding of moral obligations during the norm-based morality phase?

    <p>By enforcing rules on their peers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental preference is characteristic of second-person morality in children under age 3?

    <p>The wish to avoid discomfort in others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age did children begin to stand up for the property rights of third parties?

    <p>3 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason children transgress rules?

    <p>They have a lack of knowledge about the rules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children from diverse societies enforce conventional norms?

    <p>They respond with either imperative or normative protests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes imperative protest from normative protest in children's responses?

    <p>Imperative protest is based on authority while normative protest is based on social rules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed in chimpanzee behavior regarding norms?

    <p>They prioritize the dominant individual's needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to a failure of empathy in rule transgression?

    <p>Not considering the impact on others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of third-party enforcement of conventional norms?

    <p>It varies significantly across different cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of children according to the classic view?

    <p>Children primarily follow rules to avoid punishment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age are children able to distinguish between different domains of social norms?

    <p>By age 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group showed a lack of understanding regarding the cause of disagreement in peer interactions?

    <p>3-year-olds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes moral norms?

    <p>Moral norms are authority-independent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between moral and conventional norms?

    <p>Conventional norms are less serious than moral norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recent evidence challenges the standard view of child development in terms of morality?

    <p>Children show signs of prosocial behavior even when they are infants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'authority-dependent' refer to in the context of social norms?

    <p>The acceptability of the action varies based on who gives the directive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about children's understanding of social norms is incorrect?

    <p>Children's views on norms are constant across different contexts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Domain Theory view the moral reasoning of children?

    <p>Children as young as infanthood show significant moral understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Changeable rules

    The understanding that rules can be changed or modified.

    Normative understanding

    A child's ability to grasp that rules are not absolute and can be adapted.

    Norm enforcement

    The act of correcting or addressing someone who breaks a rule.

    Normative protest

    A type of norm enforcement where the emphasis is on communicating the rule itself. The focus is on explaining the rule and why it is important.

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    Imperative protest

    A type of norm enforcement where the emphasis is on commanding the person to stop breaking the rule.

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    Third-party enforcement

    The ability to understand and defend the property rights of others, not just oneself.

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    Transgress

    The act of breaking a rule or not following a norm.

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    Theory of mind

    The ability to understand that actions can have consequences for others, even if those consequences are not immediately apparent.

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    Children's Helping Behavior

    When adults clearly express disinterest in opening a cabinet, children are less likely to offer assistance.

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    Intrinsic Motivation

    Motivation driven by internal feelings of satisfaction and a sense of doing what's right.

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    Extrinsic Motivation

    Motivation driven by external rewards, such as praise or money.

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    Pupil Dilation

    A measure of pupil size, reflecting emotional arousal or distress.

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    Helping Reduces Distress

    Children are less distressed when an adult receives assistance, regardless of who provides it.

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    Children's Helping After Causing Harm

    Children who cause harm are motivated to assist the victim, even if someone else helps first.

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    Repairing Harm

    The desire to repair harm caused, potentially driven by guilt or empathy.

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    Self-Help Motivation

    Children display a desire to help themselves, even if an adult has already intervened.

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    Empathy

    The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

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    Egocentric View of Children

    The idea that young children are self-centered, prioritize their own needs, and lack understanding of right and wrong.

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    Domain Theory

    The theory that children develop the ability to distinguish between different types of social rules, like moral rules (hitting) and conventional rules (eating with your hands).

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    Social Preferences

    A preference for individuals or groups based on their actions or characteristics.

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    Infants prefer helpers

    Infants as young as 6-10 months old show a preference for 'helpers' over 'hinderers' in simple scenarios.

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    Moral Norms

    Rules that are based on universal principles of right and wrong, like fairness and harm. They are considered unchangeable and apply across situations.

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    Conventional Norms

    Rules that are specific to a particular context or group, like table manners or classroom rules. They can be changed or modified.

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    Prosociality

    The tendency to engage in prosocial behaviors like helping, sharing, and collaborating.

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    Second-person morality

    The development of moral reasoning and behavior, particularly focusing on the understanding of the needs and perspectives of others.

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    Standard View of Moral Development

    The belief that children start as amoral beings and gradually develop moral reasoning through experience and learning.

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    Evidence Against the Standard View

    Evidence which suggests that even young children display an understanding of social norms and engage in prosocial behavior, challenging the traditional view of children as amoral.

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    Active prosociality

    A stage of development where infants begin to exhibit more active and intentional prosocial behaviors.

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    Infants distressed by other babies' cries

    Infants show stronger distress responses to the cries of other babies compared to their own recorded cries.

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    Early Prosociality

    Behaviors that are considered helpful, kind, and beneficial to others. This can be seen in infants and even young children.

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    Children's Understanding of Social Norms

    The ability of young children to understand social norms and make moral judgments, suggesting that they are not merely egocentric or amoral.

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    Empathy Distress

    The understanding and response to the emotional states of others, particularly in distress.

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    Two-step model of morality

    The theory that moral development happens in two distinct stages: first focusing on emotional responses to others' suffering, and later on understanding and following social rules.

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    Norm-based morality

    A type of moral reasoning where the focus shifts from personal feelings to understanding and following social norms, regardless of personal preferences.

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    Helping

    The act of offering assistance to others. This is a core behavior in second-personal morality.

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    Moral understanding

    The capacity for moral reasoning, which enables individuals to understand social norms and obligations.

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    Age 3 and beyond

    The stage where individuals start to prioritize and follow social norms over their personal preferences.

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    Social norms

    Behaviors that are considered socially acceptable and are often enforced through guilt, shame, or punishment.

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    Selective Helping

    Helping behaviors that are directed towards specific individuals based on their perceived intentions, rather than just their needs.

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    Harmful Intentions

    Children are more likely to avoid helping individuals who have shown harmful intentions, even if their actions resulted in accidental harm.

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    Intended but Failed to Harm

    Children are less likely to help individuals who have shown helpful intentions, even if their actions failed to achieve their goal.

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    Helping Comes Naturally

    Young children are naturally inclined to help others, even without external motivation or rewards.

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    Early Emergence of Helping

    The tendency to help others is present from a very young age.

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    Ineffectiveness of Encouragement & Rewards

    Encouraging or rewarding children to help does not significantly increase their helping behavior.

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    Cross-Culturally Similar Helping

    Helping behavior is similar across different cultures, suggesting a universal human tendency.

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    Rootedness in Sympathetic Emotions

    Empathy and compassion play a key role in motivating helping behavior in children.

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    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology: Morality

    • Topics covered include social norms, traditional views on morality, a two-step model, kinds of social norms, conventional norms, and a classic view on children as "egocentric", "selfish", and "amoral."
    • Social norms are a form of "social reality" prescribing how people should act in specific contexts. Crucially, these differ from individual preferences.
    • Moral norms concern the well-being of others and result from natural tendencies to help and avoid harming others.
    • Conventional norms do not relate to well-being and instead concern rules and customs unique to a particular context. These are idiosyncratic, agent neutral, and context-specific.
    • The classic view, drawing from Piaget, Kohlberg, and Damon, sees children as initially amoral, egocentric, and selfish, only gradually developing morality to avoid punishment or seek rewards.
    • Domain theory in developmental psychology, contrasted with this traditional view, suggests that by age 4, children can distinguish different domains of social norms, including moral and conventional rules. This is assessed through interview methods using hypothetical scenarios.

    Two-Step Model of Human Morality

    • Two key steps in the development of human morality:
    • Step 1: Second-person morality (before age 3). Children express preferences like, "I don't like to see you suffer" or "I like to help you," demonstrating empathy, helping, and shared social interactions.
    • Step 2: Preschoolers' norm-based morality (Agent-neutral). This stage involves understanding that certain norms, like "People should not harm others" or "People should help each other," apply beyond specific relationships. Social norms are enforced, fostering feelings like guilt or shame.

    Evidence Against Traditional Views of Morality in Children

    • Infants and young children exhibit early prosocial behaviors and a sophisticated understanding of social norms.
    • Studies on empathy show newborns respond more intensely when they hear other babies cry than when they hear themselves cry.
    • Observations show that infants prefer the "helper" to the "hinderer" in social interaction scenarios; this preference is evident at young ages, challenging the idea of amorality in young children.
    • Direct observation and behavioral paradigms show that children can intervene to help others.

    Methodological Differences

    • Younger children are studied with indirect measures like preferential looking (e.g., touching, looking at one object over another), while older children (1-3 years) are studied through active behavioral paradigms, evaluating social interactions and expressions like helping, collaboration, sympathy.

    Motivation for Helping

    • Helping can be driven by intrinsic motivation (feeling good) or extrinsic motivation (external rewards).

    Intrinsic or Extrinsic Motivation Studies

    • Pupil dilation can be measured to gauge distress; children's distress is reduced when being helped, regardless of who offers the help.
    • Children want to help when they harmed others or if others harmed them.

    Selective Helping

    • Young children (3-5 yr olds) react differently to harmful intentions versus accidental harms when evaluating which people to help.

    Helping Comes Naturally

    • Helping behavior seems to emerge early in development, not solely being based on learning or cultural reinforcement. This is consistent across cultures. It’s rooted in emotional responses like sympathy and prosociality.
    • Helping is not dependent on learning or cultural reinforcement, but it can be influenced later.

    Collaboration and Sharing

    • Children in cooperative tasks and sharing situations demonstrate an understanding of equality and fairness
    • When resources are unequally distributed amongst peers in cooperative endeavors, young children are capable of understanding and adjusting for such imbalances.
    • Children exhibit collaborative behavior and sharing when working together.

    Norms Enforcement in Peer Interactions

    • Even young children enforce norms within the peer group when they witness violations and demonstrate an understanding of shared rules.
    • Young children can assess the reasonableness of peer behavior.

    Universal Aspects of Norm Enforcement

    • Children across diverse cultures enforce norms, showing a human universal in this regard. This enforcement may vary in style and application across cultures.

    Intervention Against Moral Norm Violations

    • Children, even young ones, understand property rights and intervene when they see a third party, a peer, or themselves harmed.

    Why do Children Transgress (Violate Norms)?

    • Children may transgress because they do not fully understand the wrongness of the actions.
    • Children might not fully understand how their actions will affect other people.
    • Children may still choose to break social rules and violate norms even when they know it is wrong or harmful.

    Do Other Species Have Norms?

    • Social groups of chimpanzees have some forms of rules and behavior constraints. This is evidenced by particular behaviors, such as dominance hierarchies which limit individual behavior when resources are shared.

    Summary of Morality Study

    • Contrary to older views, young children display a sophisticated understanding of morality early in life.
    • Children intervene in norm violations (using "normative" language).
    • Young children participate in activities that demonstrate understanding of fairness and equity when dealing with their peers.

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    Lecture 9 Developmental Psychology PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate concepts of morality in developmental psychology. This quiz covers social norms, moral norms, and the evolution of children's moral understanding through the traditional views of Piaget and Kohlberg, alongside domain theory. Test your knowledge on these foundational theories and their implications.

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