Developmental Psychology Chapter 5

A state of emotional or behavioral synchrony between two individuals, typically a caregiver and a child.

A state of disharmony or disruption in the interaction between two individuals, where their emotional or behavioral states are out of sync.

The process of restoring harmony and synchrony after a period of mismatching or disruption in an interaction.

A sequence of interactions between a caregiver and infant where mismatching is followed by repair, allowing the infant to learn self-regulation skills.

A research procedure used to study infant development. Involves a caregiver's sudden shift from engaging interaction to a still, unresponsive face.

The baby's attempts to re-engage the unresponsive caregiver during the still-face procedure, often involving smiling, vocalizing, or reaching out.

The infant's strategies for managing their emotions during stressful situations, including self-soothing, crying, or avoiding the source of distress.

The baby's ability to understand that the mother has her own thoughts and feelings, and that the baby's actions can affect those.

A state of consciousness involving two individuals, often a parent and child, coordinating their emotions, behaviors, and internal states, leading to enhanced mutual understanding.

The process by which dyadic states of consciousness evolve through a series of adjustments and adaptations, leading to increased complexity and integration within a system.

The process of repair between two individuals after a disruption or mismatch in their shared state, leading to a deeper connection and understanding.

The ability of one individual to mirror and reflect the emotional expressions of another, without precisely replicating them.

Implicit knowledge, often unconscious, acquired through repeated interactions with others, influencing our understanding of relationships and social interactions.

Generalized schemas or patterns formed through repeated interactions, shaping an individual's expectations and responses to social situations.

The process of regulating and coordinating internal states, often between two individuals, leading to increased coherence and complexity within a system.

The overall organization and functioning of a human being, including physical, emotional, and mental processes, arising from dynamic interplay between individuals.

The communication occurs through two neurons: the pre-ganglionic neuron, originating in the brainstem or spinal cord, and the post-ganglionic neuron, located in peripheral ganglia and innervating target tissues. These neurons connect in the autonomic ganglia.

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses. It triggers actions like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and glucose release to provide energy for immediate action.

The parasympathetic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' actions. It slows the heart rate, constricts pupils, and stimulates digestive processes for energy conservation and bodily maintenance.

The SNS has short pre-ganglionic axons and longer post-ganglionic axons, allowing for widespread effects on various organs.

The PNS has long pre-ganglionic axons that terminate in ganglia closer to or within their target organs, leading to more localized effects.

Homeostasis is the dynamic equilibrium between the SNS and PNS, ensuring a balanced physiological state despite external challenges. The two systems act antagonistically to fine-tune bodily functions.

The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) increases heart rate, dilates pupils, releases catecholamines, inhibits saliva production, dilates bronchia, inhibits digestive activity, inhibits pancreatic activity, inhibits the gall bladder and releases glucose, and relaxes the urinary bladder.

The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) stimulates digestive activity, increases saliva production, reduces heart rate, constricts bronchia, stimulates pancreatic activity, stimulates the gall bladder and inhibits glucose release, and constricts the urinary bladder

The three ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) systems are:

1. Social Engagement System (SES): Supports social interaction and connection.
2. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Prepares for fight-or-flight response.
3. Dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC): Initiates freeze response, shut down/dissociation.

The unconscious process of perceiving threats and triggering the appropriate ANS system. It involves detecting subtle cues in the environment and responding instinctively.

The physiological response of the body to stressful situations. It assesses a person's ability to regulate emotional and physiological arousal.

The tendency for infants with supportive mothers to experience less emotional reactivity and display lower stress levels.

Variations in RSA response to stress among infants suggests that they have different innate abilities to regulate their emotions.

Social stressors tend to trigger more diverse RSA responses than physical stressors. This is because social situations are more subjective and complex.

The separation of infants from their mothers in the strange situation procedure creates a stressful situation that prompts RSA withdrawal. This happens regardless of the child's attachment style.

This concept highlights the importance of understanding how our internal state-- our ANS system-- influences our interactions with the world.

The proportion of variation in a specific trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic influence.

A statistical measure that estimates the degree to which genes contribute to individual differences in a trait.

The correlation coefficient obtained for a pair of twins, representing the strength of their similarity in a specific trait.

The proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to environmental factors.

A type of virus that infects bacteria and reproduces inside them.

A famous experiment that proved DNA is the genetic material.

A technique used to track the movement of molecules within a system by labeling them with radioactive isotopes.

The act of letting a bacteriophage infect a cell and observe its behavior.

CRH receptors are found throughout the brain and in various peripheral tissues, such as the heart and kidneys.

A procedure used to collect blood samples and assess an individual's stress response. While helpful, these methods may not reflect real-life stressors.

Public speaking, social interactions, and maternal separation can trigger stress responses, often used in human research.

Variations in individuals' cortisol levels during stress, influenced by factors like genetics, environment, and baseline levels.

Individuals who show an increase in cortisol levels in response to social stress.

Individuals who show a decrease in cortisol levels in response to social stress.

Infants of depressed mothers may not show the expected increase in cortisol levels during a stressful social interaction.

A measure that calculates the overall amount of cortisol release during a stress event.