Developmental Psychology Chapter 5

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Questions and Answers

What does heritability of a trait mainly reflect?

The proportion of individual differences attributed to genetic variation (correct)

The absolute genetic similarity between individuals

The totality of environmental influences

The impact of social factors on intelligence

What is the formula for calculating the heritability coefficient?

H2 = rMZ / rDZ

H2 = (rMZ + rDZ) / 2

R = 2(rMZ + rDZ)

H2 = 2(rMZ - rDZ) (correct)

If the heritability coefficient (H2) for a trait is found to be 0.6, what is the environmental coefficient (E2)?

0.4 (correct)

0.5

1.0

0.6

Which type of twins provides the highest estimate of genetic influence on a trait?

Monozygotic twins Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

Using isotopes to label viral components Signup and view all the answers

What does a high correlation coefficient between monozygotic twins suggest?

A significant genetic component to the trait Signup and view all the answers

What does the environmental coefficient (E2) tell us?

The proportion of variance due to environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Why might the correlation between Jacko and Octo suggest less genetic influence compared to Mary and Jane?

They share 50% of their genetic material Signup and view all the answers

What do successful dyads primarily demonstrate?

Capability to repair mismatches Signup and view all the answers

During the still-face procedure, what is the mother's role during the still-face episode?

Maintain a neutral expression with no interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior indicates that the baby recognizes a change in the mother's engagement?

Avoiding her gaze Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the baby trying to re-engage the mother during the still-face episode?

To self-regulate emotional distress Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a rudimentary form of Theory of Mind observed in the baby's behavior?

Pointing to catch the mother's attention Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the reunion phase after the still-face episode?

The mother comforts and the baby initially avoids her Signup and view all the answers

What underlies the cycles of matching, mismatching, and repair in human interactions?

Adaptation through interaction Signup and view all the answers

Why does recovery take time for the baby after moments of stress?

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are involved Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of physical stressors mentioned?

They produce reliable increases in cortisol secretion. Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is applicable for infants starting from 10-12 months?

Strange Situation procedure Signup and view all the answers

How do infants of depressed mothers respond to the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm?

They do not show a significant peak response. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to individual variability in cortisol secretion intensity?

Environmental influences may play a role. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about cortisol reactivity in social stressors?

It is critical for planning experiments. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the Strange Situation from the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm?

The still-face is less tolerated by infants. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Area Under the Curve measure in the context of cortisol activity?

The magnitude of HPA axis activity regarding increase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cortisol response to social stressors is true?

Some individuals may decrease their cortisol response. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term neuroception refer to?

A bodily-determined perception of environmental threats. Signup and view all the answers

How does a supportive and caring maternal behavior impact infant stress responses?

It corresponds to lower emotional responses in infants. Signup and view all the answers

During the still-face experiment, what change occurs in RSA?

RSA decreases during still-face episodes. Signup and view all the answers

What individual differences are observed in infants at 4 months during the still-face episode?

Some infants suppress vagal tone while others do not. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does social stress compare to physical stress regarding individual differences?

Social stress displays more individual differences than physical stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical reaction of individuals who have survived trauma?

They may freeze and be unable to react. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between maternal care and infant RSA changes?

Higher maternal support decreases RSA variability. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mothers' RSA during separation from their infants?

RSA withdrawal is consistent regardless of the child's attachment style. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of successful regulation in dyadic states of consciousness?

Emergence of meaningful dyadic states Signup and view all the answers

What does dyadic expansion of states of consciousness involve?

Continuous cycles of coordination and mismatching Signup and view all the answers

How does affective attunement function in mother-infant interactions?

By mirroring certain aspects of the infant's expressions Signup and view all the answers

What role does implicit knowing play in dyadic interactions?

It is non-symbolic, procedural, and unconscious Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a mother and child engage in a dyadic reparation process?

They create a dyadic system of interconnectedness Signup and view all the answers

How do Representations of Interactions that have been Generalized (RIGs) function in an infant's learning process?

They create schemas for interpreting experiences Signup and view all the answers

What primary characteristic defines the regulatory processes that lead to dyadic states of consciousness?

They are dyadically determined and involve interpersonal interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pre-ganglionic neuron?

To transmit signals from the brainstem or spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of continuous cycles of coordination and mismatching in the development of dyadic states of consciousness?

They lead to higher levels of complexity and integration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is associated with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

Inhibits saliva production Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems primarily interact?

They act antagonistically to maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in terms of axon length?

Long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic axons Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the sympathetic nervous system, what role does pupil dilation play?

It prepares the body for high-energy actions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the post-ganglionic neuron’s location in relation to the target tissue?

Its cell body is found in peripheral ganglia. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Promotes erection of genitals Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the pancreas?

Inhibits its activity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychobiology - Section 1, Principle

Knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit. Wisdom is not to put it in a fruit salad. (Remender & Scalera, Black Science)
Wisdom is the ability to use knowledge to do something productive.
Theory is important, but the ability to apply it to real-world, human-specific cases is even more so.

The Platypus

The platypus is an unusual animal; it combines characteristics of different animal types.
Its discovery was initially met with skepticism and confusion.

Human Development

Humans are born to be wild and connected.
Evidence of caretaking in early humans include footprints of a baby and a parent discovered in New Mexico.
The skull of the Australopithecus child demonstrates an immature brain and the need to pass through the vaginal canal.
Neuroplasticity allows children to interact with their environment and build brain development.
Babies raised without proper nurture may experience impaired cognitive function.

Dynamic Systems

Living things dynamically change through space and time while maintaining a specific internal structure.
Development is a non-linear process.
Systems self-regulate - for example, toads introduced to control beetles can cause a trophic cascade/ecosystem disruption.
Outcomes or traits are not always predictable -ex. a seemingly bad event may have good consequences or a seemingly good event have bad consequences.

Epigenetic Landscape

The complexity of dynamic systems is visible in the epigenetic landscape, portrayed as a landscape of valleys and peaks.
The valleys are more frequent states of mind and comfort zones, while the mental peaks are less frequent and not as comfortable or easy.
The position and movement of the marble are influenced by many factors (environment, behavior, brain activity, physiology, genetics)

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Description

Test your knowledge on heritability, twin studies, and early attachment behaviors in infants. This quiz covers key concepts from developmental psychology, including genetic influence, environmental factors, and the still-face procedure. Challenge your understanding of the interactions between genetics and environment in human behavior.