Developmental Psychology and Gender Studies
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Questions and Answers

What defines a person's biological sex?

  • The set of norms dictating expected social behaviors
  • The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female (correct)
  • The attitudes and behaviors associated with cultural expectations
  • The physically observable traits that determine gender roles

Which chromosome pairing typically results in a female child?

  • X from mother and no contribution from father
  • Y from mother and Y from father
  • X from mother and Y from father
  • X from mother and X from father (correct)

What role does testosterone play in male development?

  • It is responsible for trait expression in females
  • It solely influences aggression in males
  • It promotes the growth of male sex organs during fetal development (correct)
  • It is a hormone that affects female reproductive health

What defines gender roles within a society?

<p>The expectations and norms regarding behaviors for men and women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Historically, which of the following was not permitted for American women a century ago?

<p>Divorcing their husbands without cause (A), Serving in the military (C), Voting in national elections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phoneme in a language?

<p>The smallest distinctive sound unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of speech development do children primarily use single words?

<p>One-word stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secure attachment in infants?

<p>Comfortable exploration of the environment in the caregiver's presence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by strict obedience and control without nurturing?

<p>Authoritarian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emotional response displayed by infants towards strangers around 8 months of age?

<p>Stranger anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mary Ainsworth's research primarily focus on?

<p>Social behavior of mothers and infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is most likely to lead to higher self-esteem and social competence in children?

<p>Authoritative parenting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does telegraphic speech primarily consist of?

<p>Nouns and verbs in simple phrases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style involves parents being indifferent to their children's needs?

<p>Neglectful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-concept primarily concerned with?

<p>All thoughts and feelings about oneself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

<p>Children begin to understand object permanence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

<p>Children exhibit egocentrism and animism in their thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the formal operational stage?

<p>Capacity for systematic reasoning and hypothetical thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral development, what defines postconventional morality?

<p>Morality defined by principles and ethical standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor can significantly influence sexual motivation?

<p>Cultural expectations and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding motor development is accurate?

<p>Motor development sequence includes sitting, walking, and running. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of irreversibility in cognitive development?

<p>Understanding that 5 - 2 = 3 after knowing 3 + 2 = 5. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains egocentrism in preschool children?

<p>They assume their perspective is shared by everyone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Heinz's moral dilemma?

<p>The conflict between love and law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic behavior of children in the preoperational stage in relation to understanding others' viewpoints?

<p>They often assume that others perceive the world exactly as they do. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children begin to understand reversibility in processes, according to Piaget?

<p>Concrete operational stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences sexual motivation from a sociocultural perspective?

<p>Media portrayal and cultural expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral development, what primarily drives morality during the preconventional level?

<p>Gaining rewards and avoiding punishments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of animism as understood in the preoperational stage?

<p>A child believes that their toy can feel sad when not played with. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cognitive limitation in children during the concrete operational stage?

<p>Difficulty in understanding abstract concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of morality is characterized by questioning the fairness of laws and societal rules?

<p>Postconventional morality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental aspect is predominantly influenced by sex hormones like testosterone?

<p>Sexual motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive characteristic reflects a child's focus on one aspect of a problem in the preoperational stage?

<p>Centration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of motor development in early childhood?

<p>Physical coordination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between sex and gender in psychological terms?

<p>Sex is defined by biological characteristics, while gender is defined by cultural associations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone primarily influences the development of male sex characteristics during puberty?

<p>Testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes gender roles?

<p>Gender roles are expectations about how individuals should behave based on their biological sex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosome pairing results in a male child?

<p>One X and one Y chromosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology, what is the meaning of a 'role'?

<p>The social expectations placed on individuals based on their biological sex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of female sex hormones?

<p>Secreted in greater amounts by males than females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant societal limitation faced by American women a century ago?

<p>The right to vote in national elections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gender development, what is meant by the term 'gender role'?

<p>The behavior, attitudes, and traits expected of males and females. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the historical view of women in scientific fields during the 1960s and 1970s?

<p>Women were often unrepresented, with fewer than 1% depicted as scientists in children's drawings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the X-chromosome in the context of human genetics?

<p>A sex chromosome that is found in both males and females. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the ability of a child in the one-word stage of speech development?

<p>They predominantly use single words to convey meaning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of insecure attachment in infants?

<p>They display anxiety or resistance toward their caregiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the permissive parenting style?

<p>Parents offer little guidance and make few demands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue do young adults primarily face during the stage of intimacy vs. isolation?

<p>They work on forming close relationships and emotional connections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychosocial crisis confronted by adolescents in Erik Erikson’s stages of development?

<p>Identity vs. role confusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what behavior is indicative of secure attachment when the caregiver returns?

<p>Infants immediately seek contact and comfort from the caregiver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of speech development is characterized by the use of mostly nouns and verbs, akin to telegrams?

<p>Telegraphic speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-concept primarily involve?

<p>A person's beliefs about their own abilities and worth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is telegraphic speech represented in early childhood language development?

<p>The use of phrases that convey essential meaning without extras. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive development stage involves the inability to understand that objects continue to exist when not seen?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a child's belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions?

<p>Animism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of moral development do individuals primarily seek social approval and maintain social order?

<p>Conventional Morality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cognitive development stage do children begin to develop logical thought about concrete physical things?

<p>Concrete Operational Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of morality is characterized by questioning the fairness of laws and rules?

<p>Postconventional Morality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is least likely to influence sexual motivation from a biological perspective?

<p>Cultural expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the characteristic of children being focused on one aspect of a situation, typically seen in the preoperational stage?

<p>Centration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demonstrates the moral reasoning found in preconventional morality?

<p>Avoiding punishment and seeking rewards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of irreversibility in cognitive development?

<p>A child recognizes that adding two to three results in five but cannot deduce three from five. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the representation of women in the STEM fields?

<p>Women are often underrepresented in the STEM fields. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the primary function of estrogen in females?

<p>Contributes to the development of female sex characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most characteristic of gender roles in society?

<p>They can vary significantly across different cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Y-chromosome influence sex determination?

<p>It typically leads to the development of male sex characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles is most directly associated with societal expectations for women?

<p>Primary caretaker of the household (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an X-chromosome from each parent?

<p>It produces a female child in most cases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding gender identity is most accurate?

<p>It can be influenced by cultural and societal expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about testosterone is often found in discussions of gender?

<p>It has no role in female development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has historically characterized the representation of women in science?

<p>Women scientists faced significant societal barriers and underrepresentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the understanding of gender expectations in contemporary society?

<p>They are evolving and being redefined. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the role of testosterone during puberty?

<p>It promotes the growth of male physical characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes the telegraphic speech stage in children's speech development?

<p>Use of primarily nouns and verbs like a telegram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of secure attachment, what behavior is indicative of infants when separated from their caregivers?

<p>They display only temporary distress but seek comfort upon return (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erik Erikson identify as the primary challenge during the stage of young adulthood?

<p>Forming intimate relationships without becoming isolated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is most likely to result in children with higher social competence and self-reliance?

<p>Authoritative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior typifies insecure attachment in infants as observed by Mary Ainsworth?

<p>Clinging behavior with higher distress during separation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development do children learn about competence through tasks?

<p>Competence vs. inferiority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of speech development, what defines the babbling stage?

<p>Spontaneous utterance of various sounds unrelated to language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response commonly arises in infants around 8 months of age when exposed to unfamiliar people?

<p>Fear and anxiety towards strangers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of permissive parenting?

<p>Providing minimal guidance and discipline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the primary focus of a child's self-concept?

<p>Thoughts and feelings addressing the question 'Who am I?' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between secure and insecure attachment in infants?

<p>Insecurely attached infants are indifferent to their caregiver's return. (C), Securely attached infants explore their environment more comfortably. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development do toddlers learn to exercise their will or doubt their abilities?

<p>Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the parenting style labeled as authoritative?

<p>Parents balance nurturing with firm limits and open discussion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes telegraphic speech in early childhood language development?

<p>Using mainly nouns and verbs in short phrases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of the babbling stage in speech development?

<p>Children create sounds unrelated to language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about attachment theory is correct?

<p>Insecure attachment includes an anxious or avoidant attachment style. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true of children raised by permissive parents?

<p>They generally show more aggression and immaturity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Erikson's stages involves the confrontation of identity issues for a teenager?

<p>Identity vs. role confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key behavioral characteristic of children displaying insecure attachment according to Ainsworth's research?

<p>They cry excessively and remain upset when caregivers leave. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cognitive development do children struggle with understanding the perspectives of others due to egocentrism?

<p>Preoperational stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological influence on sexual motivation involves the impact of personal and societal beliefs?

<p>Sociocultural influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children begin to think logically about concrete objects and events?

<p>Concrete operational stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best exemplifies postconventional morality in the context of ethical decision-making?

<p>Questioning laws based on personal ethics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive limitation is evident when a child in the preoperational stage cannot understand the concept of reversibility?

<p>Centration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

<p>Development of object permanence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key belief associated with animism in preschool children?

<p>Inanimate objects possess feelings and intentions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of moral development is primarily associated with obedience to authority to avoid punishment?

<p>Preconventional morality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of motor development is characterized by a universal sequence starting with sitting, crawling, and then walking?

<p>Physical coordination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influences on sexual motivation is primarily rooted in biological changes such as hormones?

<p>Biological influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor influences whether a child is male or female at conception?

<p>The specific X or Y chromosome from the father (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics?

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gender roles differ from sex roles?

<p>Gender roles are societal norms, while sex roles are biological characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant societal change for women in the 20th century regarding their roles?

<p>Women won the legal right to vote in national elections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'gender' in psychological context?

<p>The cultural roles assigned to male and female individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the societal expectations associated with gender roles?

<p>Roles vary significantly across cultures and times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of biological development, what is the primary function of testosterone?

<p>To stimulate growth of male sex organs and characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychology, what aspect does 'role' refer to?

<p>Expectations defining how individuals should behave in a social position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a misconception about gender roles?

<p>Gender roles are strictly biological. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical chromosome pairing for a male child?

<p>XY (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sex (in psychology)

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female.

Gender (in psychology)

The attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.

Role

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Gender role

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women.

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Testosterone

The most important male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

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Object Permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when you can't see them.

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Centration

The ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem, or object at a time.

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Animism

The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions.

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Irreversibility

The inability to think backwards or reverse a process.

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Preconventional Morality

A stage of moral development where right vs. wrong is decided based on gaining rewards and avoiding punishments.

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Conventional Morality

A stage of moral development where morality is tied to personal and social relationships and upholding laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.

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Postconventional Morality

A stage of moral development where morality is defined by principles, ethics, and values and the fairness of laws and rules is questioned.

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Motor Development

The developing brain enables physical coordination. The sequence is universal, but there are individual differences in timing.

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Formal Operational Stage

The ability to develop logical thought about abstract concepts. Children can ponder hypothetical propositions and deduce consequences: If this, then that.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The ability to develop logical thought about concrete (physical) things.

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Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguishes meaning.

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Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word or part of a word.

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Grammar

A system of rules that govern how we use language to communicate effectively.

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Babbling stage

The stage of language development where babies spontaneously make various sounds, not necessarily related to language.

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One-word stage

The stage of language development where children use single words to express their needs and thoughts.

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Two-word stage

The stage of language development where children use two-word combinations to communicate.

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Telegraphic speech

Early speech characterized by short, simple sentences lacking grammatical complexity.

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Attachment

A strong emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, characterized by seeking closeness and distress upon separation.

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Stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers displayed by infants starting around 8 months of age.

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Authoritarian parenting

A style of parenting characterized by high demands, strict rules, and little room for negotiation.

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X Chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females have two X chromosomes, males have one.

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Y Chromosome

The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome, it produces a male child.

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Estrogen

Sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than males.

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Gender roles in the past

A century ago, women could not vote, were not allowed in the military, and couldn't divorce without a reason.

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Gender stereotypes in science

Fewer than 1% of children drew a woman when asked to draw a scientist in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Egocentrism

Difficulty perceiving things from another’s point of view. Children assume that other people see, hear, and feel the same as they do. This is why a child might cover their own eyes and think that you can't see them because they can't see you.

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What is biological sex?

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female.

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What is gender?

The attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.

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What is the Y chromosome?

The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

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What is testosterone?

The most important male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

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What is estrogen?

Sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than males.

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What are gender roles?

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women.

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What were some gender roles in the past?

A century ago, American women could not vote in national elections, serve in the military, or divorce their husband without cause.

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How did gender stereotypes impact science?

When asked to draw a scientist in the 1960’s or 1970’s, fewer than 1% of U.S. children drew a woman.

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What is object permanence?

The awareness that things continue to exist even when you can't see them.

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What is centration?

The ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem, or object at a time.

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Sexuality

A person's sexual preferences, including their attraction to others.

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Asexual

A person who experiences no sexual attraction towards others.

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Sexual Motivation

Factors that influence a person's desire for sexual activity.

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Motor Development Sequence

The orderly sequence of motor development skills, from sitting to crawling, walking, and running.

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Sensorimotor Stage

A stage in cognitive development where children use their senses and actions to explore the world, but lack the understanding that objects still exist when hidden.

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Symbolic Thinking

The ability to think symbolically and use objects or symbols to represent other things, like pretending to make food in the dirt.

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Self-Concept

All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

A stage of psychosocial development where teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity.

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Integrity vs Despair

Reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

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Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

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What is a phoneme?

The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguishes meaning.

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What is a morpheme?

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word or part of a word.

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What is grammar?

A system of rules that govern how we use language to communicate effectively.

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What is the babbling stage?

The stage of language development where babies spontaneously make various sounds, not necessarily related to language.

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What is the one-word stage?

The stage of language development where children use single words to express their needs and thoughts.

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What is the two-word stage?

The stage of language development where children use two-word combinations to communicate.

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What is telegraphic speech?

Early speech characterized by short, simple sentences lacking grammatical complexity.

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What is attachment?

A strong emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, characterized by seeking closeness and distress upon separation.

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What is stranger anxiety?

The fear of strangers displayed by infants starting around 8 months of age.

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What is authoritarian parenting?

A style of parenting characterized by high demands, strict rules, and little room for negotiation.

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Preoperational Stage

A stage of cognitive development from ages 2-7 where children start to develop symbolic thinking but struggle with perspective-taking, focusing on one aspect at a time, and understanding that things can be reversed.

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Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

  • Examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
  • Focuses on biologically influenced characteristics that define sex and gender-related attitudes, feelings, and behaviors.

Sex vs. Gender

  • Sex: Biologically influenced characteristics defining male or female.
  • Gender: Attitudes, feelings, and behaviors a culture associates with biological sex.

Nature of Gender

  • X-chromosome: Found in both males and females; females typically have two, males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
  • Y-chromosome: Typically found only in males; pairs with the X-chromosome to produce a male child.
  • Testosterone: Important male sex hormone, found in both but at higher levels in males, influencing male sex organ and characteristic development. Stimulates male sex organ development and characteristics during fetal and puberty periods.
  • Estrogen: Sex hormones contributing to female sex characteristics, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

Gender Roles

  • Role: Set of expectations (norms) about a social position.
  • Gender role: Expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women.
    • A century ago, American women couldn't vote, serve in the military, or divorce easily without cause.
    • Fewer than 1% of U.S. children drew a woman scientist in the 1960s or 1970s; more recently, 28% did (Miller et al., 2018).
    • Women are underrepresented in STEM fields globally (UNESCO, 2017).
    • As of 2020, the Nobel Prize in physics awarded to 3 women and 9 men named John (and 204 other men).

Biology and Psychology of Sex

  • Sexuality: Thoughts, feelings, and actions related to physical attraction.
  • Asexual: Having no sexual attraction.

Sexual Motivation

  • Biological influences: Sexual maturity, sex hormones (especially testosterone).
  • Psychological influences: Stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies.
  • Sociocultural influences: Family values, religious values, cultural expectations, media.

Motor Development

  • The developing brain enables physical coordination.
  • Motor development is universal (sit, crawl, walk, run); order is generally the same, but timing varies.

Cognitive Development

  • Jean Piaget: Swiss psychologist known for pioneering work in child cognitive development.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

  • Sensorimotor (0-2): Infants learn through senses and actions; lack object permanence ("out of sight, out of mind").
    • Infants learn through senses, like looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping.
    • They live in the present.
    • Lack object permanence ("out of sight, out of mind").
  • Preoperational (2-7): Symbolic thinking develops—using symbols to represent absent objects/events. Egocentric, centering on only one aspect of a situation (centration), believe inanimate objects have feelings (animism), and struggle to reverse processes (irreversibility).
    • Symbolic thinking develops, using symbols to represent objects, persons, and events that are not present.
    • Egocentrism: Inability to perceive things from another's point of view.
    • Centration: Focusing on only one aspect of a situation, problem, or object at a time.
    • Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions.
    • Irreversibility: Inability to think backwards. Difficulty reversing a process, for example, a child understands that 3 + 2 = 5 but not that 5 - 2 = 3.
  • Concrete Operational (7-11): Logical thought about concrete things emerges.
  • Formal Operational (12+): Logical thought about abstract concepts emerges (hypothetical reasoning). Develop more mature moral reasoning.

Moral Development

  • Preconventional Morality (before age 9): Right/wrong based on rewards and punishments; obedience to authority.
    • Example: Sharing crayons to avoid punishment; sharing because it’s the rule.
  • Conventional Morality (early adolescence): Morality tied to personal/social relationships/ upholding laws/rules for social approval.
    • Example: Telling a teacher someone cheated for social approval.
  • Postconventional Morality (adolescence and beyond): Morality defined by ethical principles and values. Questioning the fairness of laws/rules.
    • Example: Rosa Parks defying morally unjust laws.
    • Heinz's dilemma (drug, theft) is an example of different moral reasoning levels.

Language Development

  • Phoneme: Smallest distinctive sound unit.
  • Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit (word or part of a word).
  • Grammar: System of rules for communication.

Speech Development

  • Babbling (around 4 months): Uttering various sounds.
  • One-word stage (1-2 years): Primarily single words.
  • Two-word stage (around 2 years): Primarily two-word sentences; "telegraphic speech"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

Social Development

  • Attachment: Emotional bond with another person.
  • Imprinting: Strong attachment forming in early life (certain animals).
  • Stranger anxiety: Fear of strangers (beginning around 8 months).

Secure vs. Insecure Attachment

  • Secure attachment: Comfortable exploring with caregiver, temporary distress with separation, seeks comfort upon return.
  • Insecure attachment: Anxious clinging/avoidant/disorganized attachment.

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

  • Observed mother-infant pairs. Found 60% display secure attachment.

Parenting Styles

  • Authoritarian: Impose rules, expect obedience ("because I said so").
  • Permissive: Responsive but lack rules or discipline.
  • Neglectful: Uninvolved/absent, indifferent to child's needs.
  • Authoritative: Nurturing, responsive, set firm limits, encourage discussion; considered most effective.

Self-Concept

  • Thoughts and feelings about oneself ("Who am I?").

Erik Erikson's Stages of Development

  • Each stage has a psychosocial task/crisis that needs resolution.
    • Erikson's stages address psychosocial development across the lifespan. Each stage has a unique psychosocial task/crisis to be resolved.

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Explore the intricate relationship between biological sex and gender identity through the lens of developmental psychology. This quiz covers the physical, cognitive, and social dimensions of human development, alongside critical concepts of gender roles and sexual characteristics.

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