Developmental Psychology and Gender
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of authoritative parenting?

  • Encourages open discussion and has set rules (correct)
  • Provides little support and lacks involvement
  • Strictly enforces rules without discussion
  • Responsive to children's needs but has no rules

    • Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory encapsulates the relationships between different microsystems?

  • Macrosystem
  • Mesosystem (correct)
  • Chronosystem
  • Exosystem

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the microsystem?

  • Family
  • School
  • Peers
  • Cultural customs (correct)

    • In ecological systems theory, what best describes the chronosystem?

    <p>The transition and timing of significant life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of parenting is least likely to encourage healthy social development in children?

    <p>Neglectful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the definitions of sex and gender differ?

    <p>Sex is based on biologically influenced characteristics, while gender is based on cultural associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosomal combination typically produces a male child?

    <p>An X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily associated with the development of male sex characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of estrogen in biological development?

    <p>To contribute to the development of female sex characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a gender role in society?

    <p>A collection of behavioral expectations and traits assigned to men and women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did attitudes towards women's roles change over the last century?

    <p>Women gained several rights, including voting and military service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an indication of gender biases in children's perceptions in the 1960s and 1970s?

    <p>A significant majority of children drew male scientists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes telegraphic speech in children?

    <p>Children primarily use nouns and verbs in short phrases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes insecure attachment in infants?

    <p>Showing prolonged distress and resistance to closeness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phoneme?

    <p>A distinct sound unit in speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of speech development do infants typically begin to utter unintelligible sounds?

    <p>Babbling stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parenting style is characterized by strict discipline and a focus on obedience?

    <p>Authoritaria<n> parenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to display stranger anxiety?

    <p>Around 8 months of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a morpheme?

    <p>A meaningful unit that may be a word or part of a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation study?

    <p>Studying attachment behaviors in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the one-word stage of speech development?

    <p>Children mostly communicate using single words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emotional tie between an infant and caregiver known as?

    <p>Attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by a lack of rules and discipline?

    <p>Permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for children of authoritarian parents?

    <p>Lower self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of cognitive development do children begin to exhibit egocentric thinking?

    <p>Pre-operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the smallest unit of sound in a language?

    <p>Phoneme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what age range does the concrete operational stage of cognitive development occur?

    <p>7 - 11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a secure attachment in infants?

    <p>Temporary distress followed by comfort upon reunion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes post-conventional morality?

    <p>Based on universal ethical principles and personal values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is not typical of children in the sensory motor stage?

    <p>Understanding abstract concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What widely recognized results do children of authoritative parents typically achieve?

    <p>Higher self-reliance and self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines asexuality in individuals?

    <p>A lack of sexual attraction to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Piaget's Cognitive Development is characterized by egocentrism and symbolic thinking?

    <p>Preoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage in Piaget's framework?

    <p>Logical thinking about concrete objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the Postconventional stage of moral development?

    <p>Morality based on principles and ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following influences is associated with sexual motivation?

    <p>Understanding of cultural expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'centration' refer to in the Preoperational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Focusing on only one aspect of a situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental aspect enables physical coordination according to the content?

    <p>Motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Behavior during the Preconventional Morality stage?

    <p>Sharing a toy to avoid punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gender representation in STEM, what significant statistic was noted in recent studies?

    <p>Women are underrepresented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development?

    <p>Sensorimotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the impact of the exosystem on an individual's development?

    <p>It encompasses social institutions that indirectly affect an individual's life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can enhance a child's educational experience within the mesosystem?

    <p>Positive interactions between parents and teachers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome for children raised in neglectful parenting environments?

    <p>They may show signs of aggression and immaturity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which dimension of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory do family-school interactions belong?

    <p>Mesosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is a key feature of authoritative parenting?

    <p>Parents encourage open dialogue with their children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily differentiates gender from sex in psychological terms?

    <p>Gender refers to socially constructed roles, while sex refers to biological traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the Y-chromosome?

    <p>It pairs with an X chromosome to typically produce a male child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of testosterone during fetal development?

    <p>It stimulates the growth of male sex organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do expected gender roles impact behavior in society?

    <p>They create norms that restrict personal choices and self-identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant change in gender roles observed over the past century?

    <p>The establishment of equal voting rights for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of historical gender representation, which statement is accurate regarding children’s perceptions in the 1960s and 1970s?

    <p>Few children depicted women as scientists in their drawings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily influences the development of female characteristics?

    <p>Estrogen is secreted in greater amounts by females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological outcome for children raised by permissive parents?

    <p>Greater aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Erikson's theory is associated with developing a sense of identity?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cognitive development stage do children typically begin to understand logical thought about physical concepts?

    <p>Concrete Operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary characteristic defines the preconventional morality stage?

    <p>Judgment based on avoiding punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is most often linked to encouraging independent problem-solving in children?

    <p>Authoritative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what average age does the babbling stage of language development typically begin?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the term 'morpheme' in language development?

    <p>The smallest grammatical unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of secure attachment in children?

    <p>Temporary distress with eventual comfort from caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Egocentric view of world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines gender roles in a sociocultural context?

    <p>Expected behaviors based on social position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does secure attachment manifest in infants during exploration?

    <p>They comfortably explore environments but exhibit distress when the caregiver leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily differentiates telegraphic speech from the two-word stage in speech development?

    <p>It emphasizes only nouns and verbs without complete sentence structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about infants showing signs of insecure attachment during Mary Ainsworth's study?

    <p>They may cry or seem indifferent when separated from their caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic does NOT apply to the babbling stage of speech development?

    <p>It consists mainly of meaningful words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes permissive parenting from authoritative parenting?

    <p>Authoritative parents set clear rules with warmth, while permissive parents allow too much freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for infants who develop secure attachment as observed by Mary Ainsworth?

    <p>They play comfortably and seek contact with their caregiver upon return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical feature of imprinting in animals during early life?

    <p>It establishes a strong attachment typically to the first moving object seen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which describes the language function of a morpheme?

    <p>It can be a complete word or part of a word that carries meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with developing stranger anxiety in infants?

    <p>Previous experiences of positive interactions with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the cognitive abilities of children in the preoperational stage?

    <p>Children often use symbolic thinking and engage in make-believe play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of moral development is most closely associated with the conventional morality stage?

    <p>Following rules to gain social approval and maintain order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage?

    <p>A child believing that everyone can see their chosen toy from any angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's theory, which cognitive development stage follows the concrete operational stage?

    <p>Formal operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following influences on sexual motivation is categorized under sociocultural factors?

    <p>Exposure to sexual content in media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions, as demonstrated by children in the preoperational stage?

    <p>Animism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the representation of women in the STEM fields based on recent studies?

    <p>Women are often underrepresented in comparison to men in STEM careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability is specifically developed during the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Logical thought regarding concrete events and objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key factor differentiates postconventional morality from preconventional morality?

    <p>The questioning of laws based on ethical principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between sex and gender?

    <p>Sex is biologically defined, while gender encompasses cultural attitudes and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosomal configuration leads to the formation of female offspring?

    <p>An X chromosome from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does testosterone play during fetal development?

    <p>It stimulates the growth of male sex organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor best defines a gender role in society?

    <p>Social expectations regarding behavior and responsibilities based on sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have societal perceptions of gender roles changed in the last century?

    <p>Men are more encouraged to participate in nurturing roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is more significantly secreted by females and influences female characteristics?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary implication of the historical fact that fewer than 1% of children drew a woman as a scientist in the 1960s and 1970s?

    <p>It indicates children’s lack of awareness about significant scientific contributions by women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is most likely to foster children's self-esteem and social competence?

    <p>Authoritative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecological systems theory, which system primarily encompasses interactions that the individual does not directly engage with?

    <p>Exosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mesosystem primarily connect within Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?

    <p>Family to peer group interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the chronosystem can significantly shape an individual's life transitions?

    <p>Timing and sequence of life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for children raised in neglectful parenting styles?

    <p>Lower self-esteem and social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes preconventional morality from conventional morality in moral development?

    <p>Right and wrong are perceived based on punishments and rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the absence of object permanence?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing sexual motivation?

    <p>Cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage do children begin to use symbolic thinking and engage in imaginative play?

    <p>Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'centration' refer to in early childhood cognitive development?

    <p>The tendency to focus exclusively on one aspect of a situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Piaget's cognitive development refers to the ability to reason systematically about hypotheticals?

    <p>Formal operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature characterizes moral development during the postconventional level?

    <p>Principled reasoning and ethical evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of motor development is generally universal across all children?

    <p>The sequence of skills such as sitting, crawling, and walking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the egocentrism observed in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Inability to comprehend that others have different perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is indicative of insecure attachment in infants?

    <p>Clinging behavior and avoidance of trusting relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of speech development typically occurs between ages 1 to 2?

    <p>One-word stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines telegraphic speech in early childhood development?

    <p>Communication using mostly nouns and verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is stranger anxiety most likely to occur in young infants?

    <p>When meeting unfamiliar individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?

    <p>Authoritarian parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of the babbling stage in an infant's speech development?

    <p>Spontaneous utterance of sounds not related to language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description fits secure attachment in infants during the Strange Situation experiment?

    <p>Comfortable exploration with caregiver present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language?

    <p>Morpheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a significant role in challenging the development of a secure attachment in infants?

    <p>Inconsistency in caregiver behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the insecure attachment style typically manifest in children?

    <p>By displaying indifference towards caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is least likely to encourage open discussions between parents and children?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically exhibit egocentric thinking according to Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

    <p>2-7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of children who experience insecure attachment?

    <p>Consistent fear or anxiety about separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of moral development is primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and gaining rewards?

    <p>Pre-conventional morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is not typically associated with permissive parenting?

    <p>Strict discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage in Piaget's cognitive development do children begin to understand logical thought about physical concepts?

    <p>Concrete operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment is characterized by minimal distress when the caregiver leaves and difficulty in seeking comfort from them?

    <p>Insecure avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive stage corresponds to the ability to think abstractly and reason logically about hypothetical situations?

    <p>Formal operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the characteristics of neglectful parenting?

    <p>Lacking involvement and providing little guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of children in the babbling stage of speech development?

    <p>Making repetitive vowel and consonant sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology

    • Examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
    • Studies how biologically influenced characteristics define male/female (sex), contrasted with attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with biological sex in a culture (gender).
    • Developmental Psychology is about how we grow and change physically, mentally, and socially over our whole lives
    • Sex: Biologically influenced characteristics defining male/female.
    • Gender: Attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with biological sex in a culture.

    Sex vs. Gender

    • Sex: Biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female.
    • Gender: In psychology, the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.

    Nature of Gender

    • X-chromosome: Found in both sexes; two in females, one in males. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
    • Y-chromosome: Typically found only in males; paired with an X chromosome from the mother to produce a male child.
    • Testosterone: The most important male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates male sex organ growth during the fetal period and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.
    • Estrogen: Sex hormones contributing to female sex characteristics, secreted in greater amounts by females than males.

    Gender Roles

    • Role: Set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave.
    • Gender role: Set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women.
    • Historical examples: A century ago, American women faced restrictions in voting, military service, and divorce.
    • Recent studies: Fewer than 1% of U.S. children in the 1960s or 1970s drew a woman scientist. Now, 28% do.
    • STEM fields: Women are often underrepresented globally in STEM fields (Science, technology, engineering, and math).
    • Nobel Prize: As of 2020, 3 women received Nobel Prizes in physics, compared to 9 men named John (and 204 other men).

    Biology and Psychology of Sex

    • Sexuality: Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another.
    • Asexual: Having no sexual attraction towards others.

    Sexual Motivation

    • Biological Influences: Sexual maturity and sex hormones (especially testosterone).
    • Psychological Influences: Exposure to stimulating conditions and sexual fantasies.
    • Sociocultural Influences: Family, society, religion, personal values, cultural expectations, and media.

    Motor Development

    • Motor development sequence is universal: Sit, crawl, walk, run.
    • Individual differences in timing, but the order of skills developed is generally the same.

    Cognitive Development

    • Jean Piaget: Swiss psychologist known for pioneering work in child cognitive development.
    • Stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

    Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

    • Babies take in the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping).
    • Babies live in the present.
    • They lack object permanence (out of sight, out of mind).

    Preoperational (2-7 years)

    • Develop symbolic thinking (representing objects/people).
    • Symbolic thinking: Symbols or objects are used to represent other objects, persons, and events that are not present
    • Imaginative play ("make-believe").
    • Egocentrism: Difficulty perceiving things from another’s point of view. Children assume that other people see, hear, and feel the same as they do.
    • Centration: The ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem, or object at a time.
    • Animism: The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions (e.g., a doll is tired and needs a nap).
    • Irreversibility: Inability to think backwards, to reverse a process (e.g., understanding 3 + 2 = 5, but not that 5 - 2 = 3).

    Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

    • Children begin to develop logical thought about concrete (physical) things.

    Formal Operational (12+ years)

    • Children begin to develop logical thought about abstract concepts.
    • Children can ponder hypothetical propositions and deduce consequences (systematic reasoning).
    • Children develop more mature moral reasoning.

    Moral Development

    • Heinz's dilemma: Illustrates different levels of moral reasoning.
    • Preconventional Morality: (Before age 9) Right/wrong based on reward/punishment, obeying authority. Right vs wrong, avoiding punishment, gaining rewards
    • Conventional Morality: (Early adolescence) Tied to personal relationships and social order, upholding laws for social approval. e.g. avoiding punishment or gaining social approval by reporting a cheater
    • Postconventional Morality: (Adolescence and beyond) Defined by principles, ethics, and questioning the fairness of laws; morality based on ethics and values, questioning fairness of laws

    Language Development

    • Phoneme: Smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
    • Morpheme: Smallest unit of meaning (word or part of a word).
    • Grammar: System of rules for communication.
    • Speech Development: Babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage, and telegraphic speech (Babbling begins around 4 months).

    Social Development

    • Attachment: Emotional tie with another person.
    • Imprinting: Strong attachments formed during early life in some animals.
    • Stranger anxiety: Infants' fear of strangers (appearing around 8 months).
    • Attachment styles: Secure, insecure (anxious/avoidant/disorganized).
    • Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation: Observing mother-infant interactions.
    • Parenting styles: Authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, and authoritative.
    • Self-concept: All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.

    Erik Erikson's Stages of Development

    • Each stage has a psychosocial task requiring resolution.

    Ecological Systems Theory

    • Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory: How a person interacts with and is impacted by environmental systems.

    Microsystem

    • Immediate environment (family, school, peers, neighborhood; extracurricular activities).
    • Peer groups provide socialization opportunities and influence an individual's social development, behaviors, and attitudes
    • Family: primary microsystem especially in childhood; quality of relationships (support, affection, discipline, communication) crucial
    • School: interactions with teachers, classmates, staff impacting academic achievement, social skills, and behavioral development
    • Neighborhood: safe, supportive, resource-rich neighborhoods positively contribute, unsafe, resource-poor negatively contribute
    • Extracurricular Activities: Learning, skill development, social interaction

    Mesosystem

    • Interconnections between two or more microsystems (e.g., family-school, family-peer interactions).
    • Family-school interaction
    • Family-peer group interaction
    • School-community interaction
    • Peer group-school interaction

    Exosystem

    • Social settings/institutions influencing individual indirectly (parents' workplace, government policies, community services, mass media, social networks).
    • Parental workplaces
    • Community services
    • Mass media
    • Social networks
    • Government policies

    Macrosystem

    • Cultural, economic, and social influences (values, beliefs, customs, societal norms, laws, economic systems, traditions)
    • Cultural values and beliefs
    • Societal norms
    • Economic systems
    • Legal and political systems
    • Cultural customs

    Chronosystem

    • Transitions and events over the life course (historical context, timing of events, cumulative events).
    • Life Transitions
    • Socio-historical context
    • Timing of events
    • Cumulative events

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on the distinctions between sex and gender. Understand the biological and social influences that shape gender roles and characteristics throughout the lifespan.

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