Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of authoritative parenting?
What is a key characteristic of authoritative parenting?
- Encourages open discussion and has set rules (correct)
- Provides little support and lacks involvement
- Strictly enforces rules without discussion
- Responsive to children's needs but has no rules
Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory encapsulates the relationships between different microsystems?
Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory encapsulates the relationships between different microsystems?
- Macrosystem
- Mesosystem (correct)
- Chronosystem
- Exosystem
Which of the following is NOT a component of the microsystem?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the microsystem?
- Family
- School
- Peers
- Cultural customs (correct)
In ecological systems theory, what best describes the chronosystem?
In ecological systems theory, what best describes the chronosystem?
Which form of parenting is least likely to encourage healthy social development in children?
Which form of parenting is least likely to encourage healthy social development in children?
How do the definitions of sex and gender differ?
How do the definitions of sex and gender differ?
What chromosomal combination typically produces a male child?
What chromosomal combination typically produces a male child?
Which hormone is primarily associated with the development of male sex characteristics?
Which hormone is primarily associated with the development of male sex characteristics?
What is the primary function of estrogen in biological development?
What is the primary function of estrogen in biological development?
What defines a gender role in society?
What defines a gender role in society?
How did attitudes towards women's roles change over the last century?
How did attitudes towards women's roles change over the last century?
What was an indication of gender biases in children's perceptions in the 1960s and 1970s?
What was an indication of gender biases in children's perceptions in the 1960s and 1970s?
Which statement best describes telegraphic speech in children?
Which statement best describes telegraphic speech in children?
What characterizes insecure attachment in infants?
What characterizes insecure attachment in infants?
What is a phoneme?
What is a phoneme?
During which stage of speech development do infants typically begin to utter unintelligible sounds?
During which stage of speech development do infants typically begin to utter unintelligible sounds?
What parenting style is characterized by strict discipline and a focus on obedience?
What parenting style is characterized by strict discipline and a focus on obedience?
At what age do children typically begin to display stranger anxiety?
At what age do children typically begin to display stranger anxiety?
Which of the following best defines a morpheme?
Which of the following best defines a morpheme?
What is the primary focus of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation study?
What is the primary focus of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation study?
What characterizes the one-word stage of speech development?
What characterizes the one-word stage of speech development?
What is the emotional tie between an infant and caregiver known as?
What is the emotional tie between an infant and caregiver known as?
Which parenting style is characterized by a lack of rules and discipline?
Which parenting style is characterized by a lack of rules and discipline?
What is a common outcome for children of authoritarian parents?
What is a common outcome for children of authoritarian parents?
At which stage of cognitive development do children begin to exhibit egocentric thinking?
At which stage of cognitive development do children begin to exhibit egocentric thinking?
Which term refers to the smallest unit of sound in a language?
Which term refers to the smallest unit of sound in a language?
During what age range does the concrete operational stage of cognitive development occur?
During what age range does the concrete operational stage of cognitive development occur?
What is the primary characteristic of a secure attachment in infants?
What is the primary characteristic of a secure attachment in infants?
Which of the following best describes post-conventional morality?
Which of the following best describes post-conventional morality?
Which feature is not typical of children in the sensory motor stage?
Which feature is not typical of children in the sensory motor stage?
What widely recognized results do children of authoritative parents typically achieve?
What widely recognized results do children of authoritative parents typically achieve?
What defines asexuality in individuals?
What defines asexuality in individuals?
Which stage in Piaget's Cognitive Development is characterized by egocentrism and symbolic thinking?
Which stage in Piaget's Cognitive Development is characterized by egocentrism and symbolic thinking?
What is the primary characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage in Piaget's framework?
What is the primary characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage in Piaget's framework?
What is emphasized in the Postconventional stage of moral development?
What is emphasized in the Postconventional stage of moral development?
Which of the following influences is associated with sexual motivation?
Which of the following influences is associated with sexual motivation?
What does the term 'centration' refer to in the Preoperational stage of cognitive development?
What does the term 'centration' refer to in the Preoperational stage of cognitive development?
What developmental aspect enables physical coordination according to the content?
What developmental aspect enables physical coordination according to the content?
Which of the following describes Behavior during the Preconventional Morality stage?
Which of the following describes Behavior during the Preconventional Morality stage?
In the context of gender representation in STEM, what significant statistic was noted in recent studies?
In the context of gender representation in STEM, what significant statistic was noted in recent studies?
What is the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development?
What is the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development?
Which of the following best characterizes the impact of the exosystem on an individual's development?
Which of the following best characterizes the impact of the exosystem on an individual's development?
Which of the following factors can enhance a child's educational experience within the mesosystem?
Which of the following factors can enhance a child's educational experience within the mesosystem?
What is a potential outcome for children raised in neglectful parenting environments?
What is a potential outcome for children raised in neglectful parenting environments?
In which dimension of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory do family-school interactions belong?
In which dimension of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory do family-school interactions belong?
Which characteristic is a key feature of authoritative parenting?
Which characteristic is a key feature of authoritative parenting?
What primarily differentiates gender from sex in psychological terms?
What primarily differentiates gender from sex in psychological terms?
Which of the following best describes the role of the Y-chromosome?
Which of the following best describes the role of the Y-chromosome?
What is the primary function of testosterone during fetal development?
What is the primary function of testosterone during fetal development?
How do expected gender roles impact behavior in society?
How do expected gender roles impact behavior in society?
What is a significant change in gender roles observed over the past century?
What is a significant change in gender roles observed over the past century?
In the context of historical gender representation, which statement is accurate regarding children’s perceptions in the 1960s and 1970s?
In the context of historical gender representation, which statement is accurate regarding children’s perceptions in the 1960s and 1970s?
Which hormone primarily influences the development of female characteristics?
Which hormone primarily influences the development of female characteristics?
What is a common psychological outcome for children raised by permissive parents?
What is a common psychological outcome for children raised by permissive parents?
Which stage in Erikson's theory is associated with developing a sense of identity?
Which stage in Erikson's theory is associated with developing a sense of identity?
In which cognitive development stage do children typically begin to understand logical thought about physical concepts?
In which cognitive development stage do children typically begin to understand logical thought about physical concepts?
What primary characteristic defines the preconventional morality stage?
What primary characteristic defines the preconventional morality stage?
Which parenting style is most often linked to encouraging independent problem-solving in children?
Which parenting style is most often linked to encouraging independent problem-solving in children?
At what average age does the babbling stage of language development typically begin?
At what average age does the babbling stage of language development typically begin?
What best describes the term 'morpheme' in language development?
What best describes the term 'morpheme' in language development?
What is a primary feature of secure attachment in children?
What is a primary feature of secure attachment in children?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
Which statement best defines gender roles in a sociocultural context?
Which statement best defines gender roles in a sociocultural context?
How does secure attachment manifest in infants during exploration?
How does secure attachment manifest in infants during exploration?
What primarily differentiates telegraphic speech from the two-word stage in speech development?
What primarily differentiates telegraphic speech from the two-word stage in speech development?
What can be inferred about infants showing signs of insecure attachment during Mary Ainsworth's study?
What can be inferred about infants showing signs of insecure attachment during Mary Ainsworth's study?
Which characteristic does NOT apply to the babbling stage of speech development?
Which characteristic does NOT apply to the babbling stage of speech development?
What distinguishes permissive parenting from authoritative parenting?
What distinguishes permissive parenting from authoritative parenting?
What is a common outcome for infants who develop secure attachment as observed by Mary Ainsworth?
What is a common outcome for infants who develop secure attachment as observed by Mary Ainsworth?
What is a critical feature of imprinting in animals during early life?
What is a critical feature of imprinting in animals during early life?
Which describes the language function of a morpheme?
Which describes the language function of a morpheme?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with developing stranger anxiety in infants?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with developing stranger anxiety in infants?
Which statement accurately reflects the cognitive abilities of children in the preoperational stage?
Which statement accurately reflects the cognitive abilities of children in the preoperational stage?
What aspect of moral development is most closely associated with the conventional morality stage?
What aspect of moral development is most closely associated with the conventional morality stage?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage?
In Piaget's theory, which cognitive development stage follows the concrete operational stage?
In Piaget's theory, which cognitive development stage follows the concrete operational stage?
Which of the following influences on sexual motivation is categorized under sociocultural factors?
Which of the following influences on sexual motivation is categorized under sociocultural factors?
What term best describes the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions, as demonstrated by children in the preoperational stage?
What term best describes the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions, as demonstrated by children in the preoperational stage?
Which of the following is true regarding the representation of women in the STEM fields based on recent studies?
Which of the following is true regarding the representation of women in the STEM fields based on recent studies?
Which cognitive ability is specifically developed during the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?
Which cognitive ability is specifically developed during the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?
Which key factor differentiates postconventional morality from preconventional morality?
Which key factor differentiates postconventional morality from preconventional morality?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between sex and gender?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between sex and gender?
What chromosomal configuration leads to the formation of female offspring?
What chromosomal configuration leads to the formation of female offspring?
What key role does testosterone play during fetal development?
What key role does testosterone play during fetal development?
Which factor best defines a gender role in society?
Which factor best defines a gender role in society?
How have societal perceptions of gender roles changed in the last century?
How have societal perceptions of gender roles changed in the last century?
Which of the following hormones is more significantly secreted by females and influences female characteristics?
Which of the following hormones is more significantly secreted by females and influences female characteristics?
What is a primary implication of the historical fact that fewer than 1% of children drew a woman as a scientist in the 1960s and 1970s?
What is a primary implication of the historical fact that fewer than 1% of children drew a woman as a scientist in the 1960s and 1970s?
Which parenting style is most likely to foster children's self-esteem and social competence?
Which parenting style is most likely to foster children's self-esteem and social competence?
In ecological systems theory, which system primarily encompasses interactions that the individual does not directly engage with?
In ecological systems theory, which system primarily encompasses interactions that the individual does not directly engage with?
What does the mesosystem primarily connect within Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
What does the mesosystem primarily connect within Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Which aspect of the chronosystem can significantly shape an individual's life transitions?
Which aspect of the chronosystem can significantly shape an individual's life transitions?
What is a common outcome for children raised in neglectful parenting styles?
What is a common outcome for children raised in neglectful parenting styles?
What distinguishes preconventional morality from conventional morality in moral development?
What distinguishes preconventional morality from conventional morality in moral development?
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the absence of object permanence?
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the absence of object permanence?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing sexual motivation?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing sexual motivation?
At which stage do children begin to use symbolic thinking and engage in imaginative play?
At which stage do children begin to use symbolic thinking and engage in imaginative play?
What does the term 'centration' refer to in early childhood cognitive development?
What does the term 'centration' refer to in early childhood cognitive development?
Which stage in Piaget's cognitive development refers to the ability to reason systematically about hypotheticals?
Which stage in Piaget's cognitive development refers to the ability to reason systematically about hypotheticals?
What key feature characterizes moral development during the postconventional level?
What key feature characterizes moral development during the postconventional level?
Which aspect of motor development is generally universal across all children?
Which aspect of motor development is generally universal across all children?
What is a common characteristic of the egocentrism observed in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
What is a common characteristic of the egocentrism observed in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Which characteristic is indicative of insecure attachment in infants?
Which characteristic is indicative of insecure attachment in infants?
What stage of speech development typically occurs between ages 1 to 2?
What stage of speech development typically occurs between ages 1 to 2?
What defines telegraphic speech in early childhood development?
What defines telegraphic speech in early childhood development?
In which scenario is stranger anxiety most likely to occur in young infants?
In which scenario is stranger anxiety most likely to occur in young infants?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?
What is a defining feature of the babbling stage in an infant's speech development?
What is a defining feature of the babbling stage in an infant's speech development?
Which description fits secure attachment in infants during the Strange Situation experiment?
Which description fits secure attachment in infants during the Strange Situation experiment?
What term refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language?
What term refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language?
Which factor plays a significant role in challenging the development of a secure attachment in infants?
Which factor plays a significant role in challenging the development of a secure attachment in infants?
How does the insecure attachment style typically manifest in children?
How does the insecure attachment style typically manifest in children?
Which parenting style is least likely to encourage open discussions between parents and children?
Which parenting style is least likely to encourage open discussions between parents and children?
At what age do children typically exhibit egocentric thinking according to Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
At what age do children typically exhibit egocentric thinking according to Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
What is the primary characteristic of children who experience insecure attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of children who experience insecure attachment?
Which stage of moral development is primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and gaining rewards?
Which stage of moral development is primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and gaining rewards?
Which characteristic is not typically associated with permissive parenting?
Which characteristic is not typically associated with permissive parenting?
During which stage in Piaget's cognitive development do children begin to understand logical thought about physical concepts?
During which stage in Piaget's cognitive development do children begin to understand logical thought about physical concepts?
What type of attachment is characterized by minimal distress when the caregiver leaves and difficulty in seeking comfort from them?
What type of attachment is characterized by minimal distress when the caregiver leaves and difficulty in seeking comfort from them?
Which cognitive stage corresponds to the ability to think abstractly and reason logically about hypothetical situations?
Which cognitive stage corresponds to the ability to think abstractly and reason logically about hypothetical situations?
Which description best fits the characteristics of neglectful parenting?
Which description best fits the characteristics of neglectful parenting?
What is the main focus of children in the babbling stage of speech development?
What is the main focus of children in the babbling stage of speech development?
What is the primary psychosocial challenge faced during the toddlerhood stage?
What is the primary psychosocial challenge faced during the toddlerhood stage?
In which stage do individuals struggle with forming close relationships and the capacity for intimate love?
In which stage do individuals struggle with forming close relationships and the capacity for intimate love?
Which psychosocial challenge is associated with reflecting on one's life in late adulthood?
Which psychosocial challenge is associated with reflecting on one's life in late adulthood?
What task characterizes the preschool stage of development?
What task characterizes the preschool stage of development?
During which developmental stage do children learn to balance their self-identity with societal roles?
During which developmental stage do children learn to balance their self-identity with societal roles?
What is the focus of development during the stage characterized by generativity vs. stagnation?
What is the focus of development during the stage characterized by generativity vs. stagnation?
The stage of competence vs. inferiority primarily addresses the child's feelings towards what?
The stage of competence vs. inferiority primarily addresses the child's feelings towards what?
Which stage involves the conflict between feeling guilty about efforts to be independent?
Which stage involves the conflict between feeling guilty about efforts to be independent?
Flashcards
Sex (in psychology)
Sex (in psychology)
The biologically influenced characteristics that define male or female.
Gender (in psychology)
Gender (in psychology)
Attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with a person's biological sex in a particular culture.
X-chromosome
X-chromosome
The sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females typically have two X chromosomes while males have one.
Y-chromosome
Y-chromosome
Signup and view all the flashcards
Testosterone
Testosterone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Estrogen
Estrogen
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gender roles
Gender roles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Object Permanence
Object Permanence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Centration
Centration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Animism
Animism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Irreversibility
Irreversibility
Signup and view all the flashcards
Concrete Operational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Formal Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Preconventional Morality
Preconventional Morality
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postconventional Morality
Postconventional Morality
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phoneme?
Phoneme?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Morpheme?
Morpheme?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Grammar?
Grammar?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Babbling Stage?
Babbling Stage?
Signup and view all the flashcards
One-word Stage?
One-word Stage?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Two-word Stage?
Two-word Stage?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Telegraphic Speech?
Telegraphic Speech?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attachment?
Attachment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Imprinting?
Imprinting?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stranger Anxiety?
Stranger Anxiety?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Microsystem
Microsystem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mesosystem
Mesosystem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Exosystem
Exosystem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Macrosystem
Macrosystem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chronosystem
Chronosystem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Authoritarian Parenting
Authoritarian Parenting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Permissive Parenting
Permissive Parenting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative Parenting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neglectful Parenting
Neglectful Parenting
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is sex in psychology?
What is sex in psychology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is gender in psychology?
What is gender in psychology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a gender role?
What is a gender role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is testosterone?
What is testosterone?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is estrogen?
What is estrogen?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an X-chromosome?
What is an X-chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Y-chromosome?
What is a Y-chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ecological Systems Theory
Ecological Systems Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Self-Concept
Self-Concept
Signup and view all the flashcards
Erik Erikson's Stages of Development
Erik Erikson's Stages of Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trust vs. Mistrust
Trust vs. Mistrust
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initiative vs. Guilt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Signup and view all the flashcards
Competence vs. Inferiority
Competence vs. Inferiority
Signup and view all the flashcards
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Integrity vs. Despair
Integrity vs. Despair
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
- Studies how biologically influenced characteristics define male/female (sex), contrasted with attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with biological sex in a culture (gender).
- Developmental Psychology is about how we grow and change physically, mentally, and socially over our whole lives
- Sex: Biologically influenced characteristics defining male/female.
- Gender: Attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with biological sex in a culture.
Sex vs. Gender
- Sex: Biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female.
- Gender: In psychology, the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.
Nature of Gender
- X-chromosome: Found in both sexes; two in females, one in males. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
- Y-chromosome: Typically found only in males; paired with an X chromosome from the mother to produce a male child.
- Testosterone: The most important male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates male sex organ growth during the fetal period and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.
- Estrogen: Sex hormones contributing to female sex characteristics, secreted in greater amounts by females than males.
Gender Roles
- Role: Set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave.
- Gender role: Set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women.
- Historical examples: A century ago, American women faced restrictions in voting, military service, and divorce.
- Recent studies: Fewer than 1% of U.S. children in the 1960s or 1970s drew a woman scientist. Now, 28% do.
- STEM fields: Women are often underrepresented globally in STEM fields (Science, technology, engineering, and math).
- Nobel Prize: As of 2020, 3 women received Nobel Prizes in physics, compared to 9 men named John (and 204 other men).
Biology and Psychology of Sex
- Sexuality: Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another.
- Asexual: Having no sexual attraction towards others.
Sexual Motivation
- Biological Influences: Sexual maturity and sex hormones (especially testosterone).
- Psychological Influences: Exposure to stimulating conditions and sexual fantasies.
- Sociocultural Influences: Family, society, religion, personal values, cultural expectations, and media.
Motor Development
- Motor development sequence is universal: Sit, crawl, walk, run.
- Individual differences in timing, but the order of skills developed is generally the same.
Cognitive Development
- Jean Piaget: Swiss psychologist known for pioneering work in child cognitive development.
- Stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- Babies take in the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping).
- Babies live in the present.
- They lack object permanence (out of sight, out of mind).
Preoperational (2-7 years)
- Develop symbolic thinking (representing objects/people).
- Symbolic thinking: Symbols or objects are used to represent other objects, persons, and events that are not present
- Imaginative play ("make-believe").
- Egocentrism: Difficulty perceiving things from another’s point of view. Children assume that other people see, hear, and feel the same as they do.
- Centration: The ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem, or object at a time.
- Animism: The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions (e.g., a doll is tired and needs a nap).
- Irreversibility: Inability to think backwards, to reverse a process (e.g., understanding 3 + 2 = 5, but not that 5 - 2 = 3).
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
- Children begin to develop logical thought about concrete (physical) things.
Formal Operational (12+ years)
- Children begin to develop logical thought about abstract concepts.
- Children can ponder hypothetical propositions and deduce consequences (systematic reasoning).
- Children develop more mature moral reasoning.
Moral Development
- Heinz's dilemma: Illustrates different levels of moral reasoning.
- Preconventional Morality: (Before age 9) Right/wrong based on reward/punishment, obeying authority. Right vs wrong, avoiding punishment, gaining rewards
- Conventional Morality: (Early adolescence) Tied to personal relationships and social order, upholding laws for social approval. e.g. avoiding punishment or gaining social approval by reporting a cheater
- Postconventional Morality: (Adolescence and beyond) Defined by principles, ethics, and questioning the fairness of laws; morality based on ethics and values, questioning fairness of laws
Language Development
- Phoneme: Smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
- Morpheme: Smallest unit of meaning (word or part of a word).
- Grammar: System of rules for communication.
- Speech Development: Babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage, and telegraphic speech (Babbling begins around 4 months).
Social Development
- Attachment: Emotional tie with another person.
- Imprinting: Strong attachments formed during early life in some animals.
- Stranger anxiety: Infants' fear of strangers (appearing around 8 months).
- Attachment styles: Secure, insecure (anxious/avoidant/disorganized).
- Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation: Observing mother-infant interactions.
- Parenting styles: Authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, and authoritative.
- Self-concept: All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.
Erik Erikson's Stages of Development
-
Each stage has a psychosocial task requiring resolution.
-
Infancy (to 1 year): Trust vs. mistrust. If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
-
Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years): Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
-
Preschool (3 to 6 years): Initiative vs. guilt. Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.
-
Elementary school (6 years to puberty): Competence vs. inferiority. Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
-
Adolescence (teen years into 20s): Identity vs. role confusion. Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
-
Young adulthood (20s to early 40s): Intimacy vs. isolation. Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
-
Middle adulthood (40s to 60s): Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
-
Late adulthood (late 60s and up): Integrity vs. despair. Reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
Ecological Systems Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory: How a person interacts with and is impacted by environmental systems.
Microsystem
- Immediate environment (family, school, peers, neighborhood; extracurricular activities).
- Peer groups provide socialization opportunities and influence an individual's social development, behaviors, and attitudes
- Family: primary microsystem especially in childhood; quality of relationships (support, affection, discipline, communication) crucial
- School: interactions with teachers, classmates, staff impacting academic achievement, social skills, and behavioral development
- Neighborhood: safe, supportive, resource-rich neighborhoods positively contribute, unsafe, resource-poor negatively contribute
- Extracurricular Activities: Learning, skill development, social interaction
Mesosystem
- Interconnections between two or more microsystems (e.g., family-school, family-peer interactions).
- Family-school interaction
- Family-peer group interaction
- School-community interaction
- Peer group-school interaction
Exosystem
- Social settings/institutions influencing individual indirectly (parents' workplace, government policies, community services, mass media, social networks).
- Parental workplaces
- Community services
- Mass media
- Social networks
- Government policies
Macrosystem
- Cultural, economic, and social influences (values, beliefs, customs, societal norms, laws, economic systems, traditions)
- Cultural values and beliefs
- Societal norms
- Economic systems
- Legal and political systems
- Cultural customs
Chronosystem
- Transitions and events over the life course (historical context, timing of events, cumulative events).
- Life Transitions
- Socio-historical context
- Timing of events
- Cumulative events
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on the distinctions between sex and gender. Understand the biological and social influences that shape gender roles and characteristics throughout the lifespan.
