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Questions and Answers
What is the main advantage of using genetically modified mice in genetic experiments?
What is the main advantage of using genetically modified mice in genetic experiments?
- They can be genetically manipulated to express or not express specific genes being tested (correct)
- They have a higher reproductive rate than other model organisms
- They have a longer lifespan compared to other model organisms
- They are more resistant to genetic mutations
What is the role of HOX genes in developmental genetics?
What is the role of HOX genes in developmental genetics?
- They regulate the overall growth rate of the organism
- They establish spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression along the axis (correct)
- They control the color patterns in the fur of the mice
- They determine the reproductive capabilities of the organism
What is the definition of paralog as it applies to homeobox genes?
What is the definition of paralog as it applies to homeobox genes?
- Genes responsible for regulating the immune response
- Genes that control the circadian rhythm
- Genes involved in energy metabolism
- Homologous sequences of genes within the same genome (correct)
What is the consequence of a homeotic transformation?
What is the consequence of a homeotic transformation?
What are the dual functions of IPF1 in pancreas development and function?
What are the dual functions of IPF1 in pancreas development and function?
How do paracrine signal molecules primarily interact with nearby cells?
How do paracrine signal molecules primarily interact with nearby cells?
Which family of paracrine signal molecules is known to be related to diverse organisms?
Which family of paracrine signal molecules is known to be related to diverse organisms?
What do DNA transcription factors primarily bind to in order to regulate gene expression?
What do DNA transcription factors primarily bind to in order to regulate gene expression?
Which family of DNA transcription factors is known to cause pleiotropic effects when mutated?
Which family of DNA transcription factors is known to cause pleiotropic effects when mutated?
What is the primary function of extracellular matrix proteins in embryonic development?
What is the primary function of extracellular matrix proteins in embryonic development?
Which proteins act as a link between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton?
Which proteins act as a link between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton?
How do cells primarily bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
How do cells primarily bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the main role of paracrine signal molecules in causing gene expression changes?
What is the main role of paracrine signal molecules in causing gene expression changes?
Which mutation leads to Supravalvular aortic stenosis, affecting heart and blood vessels?
Which mutation leads to Supravalvular aortic stenosis, affecting heart and blood vessels?
What is the result of a mutation in FGFR3?
What is the result of a mutation in FGFR3?
Which factor stimulates limb growth?
Which factor stimulates limb growth?
What is the role of SHH in limb bud development?
What is the role of SHH in limb bud development?
What does a mutation in SOX10 cause?
What does a mutation in SOX10 cause?
Which mutation leads to Junctional Epidermolysis bullosa, causing skin blistering?
Which mutation leads to Junctional Epidermolysis bullosa, causing skin blistering?
What is the consequence of a mutation in ZIC3?
What is the consequence of a mutation in ZIC3?
Which mutation causes Holt-Oram syndrome, affecting limb development?
Which mutation causes Holt-Oram syndrome, affecting limb development?
What does a mutation in SHH lead to?
What does a mutation in SHH lead to?
What is the effect of a collagen mutation?
What is the effect of a collagen mutation?
What is the outcome of a mutation in Laminin?
What is the outcome of a mutation in Laminin?
What role does pattern formation play in embryo development?
What role does pattern formation play in embryo development?
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Study Notes
Molecular Basis of Developmental Disorders and Embryonic Development
- Transcription factors can have multiple targets, bind DNA, and alter gene expression, causing pleiotropic effects.
- Collagen mutation leads to Osteogenesis imperfecta, affecting bone formation.
- Fibrillin mutation causes Marfan Syndrome, characterized by tall stature and heart abnormalities.
- Elastin mutation results in Supravalvular aortic stenosis, affecting heart and blood vessels.
- Laminin mutation leads to Junctional Epidermolysis bullosa, causing skin blistering.
- Pattern formation in embryo development establishes tissue organization and signaling centers for positional information.
- Mutations in FGFR3 cause skeletal dysplasias like achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, and thanatophoric dysplasia.
- SOX10 mutation causes Hirschsprung disease, affecting colon motility, and SHH mutation leads to holoprosencephaly, affecting midline brain development.
- ZIC3 mutation causes Situs inversus, a complete reversal of left/right asymmetry.
- TBX5 mutation causes Holt-Oram syndrome, affecting limb development.
- FGF2, 4, 8 stimulate limb growth, while SHH maintains the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) in limb bud development.
- SHH also plays a role in determining the fate of cells in the neural tube, somites, limbs, and the left-right axis.
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