Developmental Disabilities Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the prevalence of developmental disabilities worldwide?

2-3%

Which of the following are examples of developmental disabilities? (Select all that apply)

  • Autism
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • Down syndrome
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is one important purpose of describing limitations in individuals with developmental disabilities?

    To develop a profile of needed supports

    All developmental disabilities are caused by genetic abnormalities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the severity level with its description:

    <p>Mild = Typically not identified until early elementary years, can live successfully in the community with support Moderate = Usually identified during preschool years, can perform supervised unskilled work Severe = Often associated with organic causes, identified at a young age Profound = Identified in infancy, requires intensive support throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5, how is intellectual disability characterized?

    <p>Significant limitations in intellectual functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental disabilities can be categorized into severity levels: mild, moderate, severe, and _____ .

    <p>profound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ICF framework help to describe?

    <p>The functioning and disability associated with health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive functioning deficits limit an individual in one or more activities of daily living.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skills does the Self-Direction scale provide information about?

    <p>Skills needed for independence, responsibility, and self-control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intervention?

    <p>To maintain and/or improve the person’s life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant problem did Michelle face?

    <p>Severe self-injurious behaviors (SIB).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of therapies were mentioned in the Types of Intervention?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Michelle was mostly verbal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a percentile score?

    <p>A rank-order score that describes a person's score position relative to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range is considered the average for percentile scores?

    <p>25-74</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of validity with their descriptions:

    <p>Content Validity = Tests adequately sample relevant aspects of the construct being measured. Criterion Related Validity = Scores relate to specified external criteria. Construct Validity = The construct purported to be measured by the test was actually measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ICF-CY classification applies only to individuals with disabilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the underlying principles of the ICF?

    <p>Universality, Parity, Neutrality, Environmental Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the underlying principles of ICF?

    <p>Exclusivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental factors in the ICF are limited to physical conditions like climate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the environmental factors of ICF?

    <p>Physical factors, social attitudes, institutions, and laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disorders of intellectual development are characterized by significantly below average ______.

    <p>intellectual functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Intellectual Disability = Significantly below average intellectual functioning Dual Diagnosis = Coexistence of developmental disability and mental illness Environmental Factors = Physical and social conditions affecting disability ICF = International classification for functioning and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the presumptive etiology for neurodevelopmental disorders?

    <p>Complex and often unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the new definition of developmental disability consider?

    <p>It considers how a person handles common demands in life and their independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ICD-11 is primarily used for classifying physical disabilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ensures that every individual is treated ______.

    <p>equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes after fertilization in females?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are important components of chromosomes? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Majority of individuals with an intellectual disability show obvious signs of brain damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The embryonic period lasts from week ______ to week ______ in pregnancy.

    <p>2, 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cell division?

    <p>Mitosis and Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Chromosomes = Carry all genetic material Alleles = Alternative forms of genes Mitosis = Cell division resulting in two daughter cells Meiosis = Cell division resulting in cells with half the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the scientists credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA?

    <p>Watson and Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the incidence of mental health disorders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Canadian Human Rights Act includes 11 grounds of discrimination.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of practice?

    <p>A statement that describes what the profession does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are areas included in the background information for a diagnosis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Social circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'diagnostic overshadowing'?

    <p>The tendency to underestimate signs of psychiatric or emotional disturbances in the DD population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A formal diagnosis is often a permanent designation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dual Diagnosis Consultation, Outreach Stabilization Service is offered through __________.

    <p>Hotel Dieu Grace Healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a biological factor contributing to mental health concerns?

    <p>Brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a formal diagnosis?

    <p>To identify a specific condition in a person and help understand resources, supports, and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the assessment process in developmental disabilities?

    <p>To determine the individual’s strengths and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the WISC-V domains or indices focused on? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Sensory issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following assessment tools with their primary focus:

    <p>ABAS-3 = Assess adaptive skills Vineland-3 = Adaptive behaviour assessment WISC-V = Cognitive assessment Clinical Assessment = Diagnostic identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with developmental disabilities are often accurately diagnosed and treated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people diagnosed with developmental disabilities are expected to have a mental health issue?

    <p>85,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A good assessment should identify specific strengths and needs of the individual within the context of the ______.

    <p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assessment involves investigating and documenting knowledge, skills, capabilities, attitudes, and __________.

    <p>beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of health regulatory colleges?

    <p>To regulate the practice of the profession and govern its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following grounds of discrimination with their categories:

    <p>Race = National or ethnic origin Colour = Religion Sex = Age Disability = Conviction for which a pardon has been granted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions are considered developmental disabilities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people worldwide are affected by developmental disabilities?

    <p>2-3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'developmental disability' is always used appropriately.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The American Association of Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) defines intellectual disability as significant limitations in _____ functioning and _____ behavior.

    <p>intellectual, adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of approximately 25-50% of all developmental disabilities?

    <p>Biomedical nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three domains involved in adaptive functioning?

    <p>Conceptual, social, practical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tools is NOT mentioned for assessing intellectual disability?

    <p>MRI scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical disability meaning often wrongly focused on?

    <p>Limitations and shortcomings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - Children and Youth (ICF-CY)

    • Provides a framework for understanding and documenting the health, functioning, and development of children and youth
    • Focuses on functioning, limitations, and environmental factors
    • Includes disorders whose core features are neurodevelopmental
    • Categorizes disorders based on body functions and structures, activity limitations, and participation restrictions

    Disorders of Intellectual Development

    • Characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
    • Typically diagnosed when intellectual functioning is two or more standard deviations below the mean
    • Diagnosed using standardized tests, but clinical judgment is required when appropriate tests are unavailable
    • The understanding and perspective of developmental disabilities are evolving over time
    • The legal, biomedical, and social/human rights models provide diverse perspectives
    • The "worthy power" concept within the legal status perspective implies the relinquishment of some rights and privileges

    Developmental Disabilities in Ontario

    • The new definition of developmental disability considers both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
    • The new definition is used consistently across Ontario
    • The legislation emphasizes services and supports that offer choice and independence
    • Direct funding provides greater flexibility and control for individuals and their families

    Disability Rights in Canada

    • The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Human Rights Act protect against discrimination
    • The Charter guarantees equal rights for all Canadians regardless of disability
    • The Canadian Human Rights Act prohibits discrimination based on physical or mental disability
    • The Act has 11 grounds of discrimination, including disability

    Comorbidity and Dual Diagnosis

    • Dual diagnosis refers to the coexistence of an intellectual/developmental disability and a mental health disorder
    • The prevalence of mental health disorders in individuals with developmental disabilities has been recognized more recently
    • Many individuals with developmental disabilities experience a similar range of mental health disorders as the general population
    • Examples of common disorders include mood and anxiety disorders, adjustment problems, personality disorders, and ADHD

    Dual Diagnosis Consultation, Outreach Stabilization Service

    • Serves individuals aged 16 and older residing in Windsor and Essex County
    • Provides a short-term stabilization program for individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities and a mental health disorder
    • Focuses on providing clinical intervention and bio-mental healthcare
    • Targets individuals exhibiting self-harm or threatening behaviors toward caregivers

    Basis for Mental Health Concerns

    • Biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors contribute to mental health disorders
    • Biological factors may include genetic predispositions or brain abnormalities
    • Psychosocial factors can involve stressful life events, family dynamics, and social isolation
    • Environmental factors can encompass access to healthcare, community support, and socioeconomic conditions

    Assessment and Treatment of Individuals with Disabilities

    • A good assessment should identify the specific strengths and needs of the individual within the context of the system.
    • Treatment may have short-term and long-term goals or objectives.
      • Short-term goals address immediate concerns (often behavioral).
      • Long-term goals develop a strategy that reduces the risk of recurrence.

    Assessment Tools

    • The ABAS-3 (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System)

      • Assesses various skills areas important in daily functioning.
      • Includes skills such as communication, school living, self-care, safety skills, and independent skills.
      • The informant (parent, caregiver, teacher) rates the individual's ability to perform certain tasks on a continuum.
      • Scores are grouped into nine adaptive skill areas and reported as Scaled Scores.
      • Scores fall within six ranges: Superior, Above Average, Average, Below Average, Borderline, and Extremely Low.

    • The Vineland-3 (Adaptive Behavior Scale)

      • Similar structure and purpose to the ABAS-3, but includes three forms: interview, parent/caregiver, and teacher.
      • Interview Form: Semi-structured interview technique to gain information from a caregiver or parent.
      • Parent/Caregiver Form: Questionnaire completed by the parent or caregiver about home and family life behaviors.
      • Teacher Form: Collects information from the teacher about the student's adaptive behaviors in school.

    Treatment Principles

    • Identify specific strengths and needs of the individual within the context of the system.
    • Short-term and Long-term goals:
      • Address immediate concerns (often behavioral)
      • Develop a strategy that reduces the risk of recurrence.

    Case Study: Michelle

    • Problem: Michelle, aged 29, exhibited severe self-injurious behaviors (SIB) since a young age.
    • Assessment: Multiple specialists, including medical, neurological, behavioral, and psychological, were involved in Michelle's care.
    • Treatment History: Michelle was diagnosed with autistic behaviors and treated for an underactive thyroid.
      • High doses of antipsychotic and other psychotropic medications and behavioral strategies were tried with limited success.
    • Referral for Multidisciplinary Assessment: Michelle’s behavior escalated, resulting in a sudden abdominal obstruction, likely caused by long-term use of medications to manage SIB.
      • This led to a referral for multidisciplinary assessment.

    Multidisciplinary Assessment

    • Purpose: To identify environmental and individual specific contributions to challenging behaviors and develop a comprehensive diagnostic formulation and treatment plan.
    • Strategy: Focuses on understanding 1) how the person's biological and medical issues (e.g., sensory impairments, physical impairments, seizures, medical disorders, mental ill-health) may contribute to their behaviors, and 2) how their environment and supports contribute to these behaviors.

    Treatment Considerations for SIB

    • Continuum of Services:
      • Map out the continuum of services required for comprehensive assessment, including responses to crises, to ensure continuity of care between inpatient and outpatient settings.
    • Trials of Interventions:
      • May involve trial interventions, some of which may cause behavioral escalations.
    • Environmental and Individual Specific Contributions:
      • Environmental and individual factors need to be considered and addressed to create a well-rounded treatment plan.

    Treatment Principles for Individuals with Disabilities

    • Maintain and/or improve the person's quality of life.
    • Address a specific assessed need.
    • Set clear and achievable objectives.
    • Be based on sound theoretical or practical rationale.
    • Use methods that are the choice of the person with disabilities and do not cause harm.
    • Ensure a smooth transition away from intervention.
    • Provide follow-up intervention, if required.

    Types of Intervention

    • Active focused therapies.
    • Age-related therapies (e.g., IBI, ABA).
    • Communication.
    • Education and training.
    • Health & medication.
    • Lifestyle and personal support.
    • Personal and skill development.

    Key Factors in Reducing Challenging Behaviors

    • Decrease organic/biological contribution:
      • Address sensory impairments (e.g., vision/hearing).
      • Address physical impairments.
      • Address sensory issues (e.g., sensitivity to sound/touch).
      • Treat seizures.
      • Treat other medical disorders.
      • Treat mental ill-health.
    • Decrease stress:
      • Provide appropriate environments.
      • Provide appropriate expectations.
      • Match supports to individual needs.
    • Increase competence:
      • Teach coping skills.
      • Teach communication skills.
      • Enhance self-esteem.
      • Develop social supports.
    • Coordinated system approach:
      • Ensure continuity of care.
      • Provide access to a spectrum of supports.
      • Implement proactive crisis management.

    Developmental Disabilities

    • The term "Developmental Disabilities" is used in Ontario to describe certain conditions.
    • The term can be misused and may lead to stigmatization, isolation, and marginalization.
    • The term is used to describe a person with a condition that affects their learning, behavior, and ability to function independently.
    • Developmental Disabilities affect 2-3% of people worldwide.
    • ⅔ of people with disabilities have mild to moderate conditions, while ⅓ have severe to profound conditions.
    • Common developmental disabilities in Canada include Autism, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, and 22q11 Deletion Syndrome.
    • The American Association of Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) definition of intellectual disability states: "Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18."
    • Limitations in intellectual functioning include reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.
    • Deficits in adaptive functioning impact daily life activities, such as communication, social participation, and independent living.
    • The DSM-5 classifies Intellectual Disability as a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits.
    • The DSM-5 specifies the Neurodevelopmental disorder diagnoses to describe the clinical course and current symptomatology. Specifiers include "associated with a medical (e.g., seizure disorder) or genetic condition (e.g., trisomy 21) or environmental factor (e.g., low birth weight)."

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    Explore the various facets of developmental disabilities in this quiz. From prevalence and categorization to intervention strategies, test your understanding of this important topic. Gain insights into how these disabilities are characterized and the impact they have on individuals.

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