Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ectoderm primarily develops into muscle tissues and the circulatory system.
The ectoderm primarily develops into muscle tissues and the circulatory system.
False
Chordin is encoded by a gene that is crucial for the induction of the central nervous system.
Chordin is encoded by a gene that is crucial for the induction of the central nervous system.
True
The Spemann-Mangold organizer is found in mammals and is responsible for the development of the sensory organs.
The Spemann-Mangold organizer is found in mammals and is responsible for the development of the sensory organs.
False
The dorsal lip blastophore plays an essential role in the formation of the dorsal mesoderm.
The dorsal lip blastophore plays an essential role in the formation of the dorsal mesoderm.
Signup and view all the answers
Neurulation is the process where the neural plate forms the respiratory system.
Neurulation is the process where the neural plate forms the respiratory system.
Signup and view all the answers
Anencephaly is a condition that results from the incomplete closure of the neural tube at the cranial end.
Anencephaly is a condition that results from the incomplete closure of the neural tube at the cranial end.
Signup and view all the answers
Spina bifida occulta is the most severe type of spina bifida.
Spina bifida occulta is the most severe type of spina bifida.
Signup and view all the answers
Meningocele involves the spinal cord being included in the sac that protrudes through the opening in the back.
Meningocele involves the spinal cord being included in the sac that protrudes through the opening in the back.
Signup and view all the answers
Primary neurulation involves the formation of a solid cord of cells that sinks into the embryo.
Primary neurulation involves the formation of a solid cord of cells that sinks into the embryo.
Signup and view all the answers
The CNS is supported by oligodendrocytes, while the PNS is supported by Schwann cells.
The CNS is supported by oligodendrocytes, while the PNS is supported by Schwann cells.
Signup and view all the answers
The caudal end of the neural tube develops into the cerebral cortex.
The caudal end of the neural tube develops into the cerebral cortex.
Signup and view all the answers
Secondary neurulation leads to the formation of the spinal cord and mantle zone.
Secondary neurulation leads to the formation of the spinal cord and mantle zone.
Signup and view all the answers
Failure of the neural tube to close can result in conditions like craniorachischisis.
Failure of the neural tube to close can result in conditions like craniorachischisis.
Signup and view all the answers
The medial hinge point (MHP) is responsible for the bending of the neural plate during primary neurulation.
The medial hinge point (MHP) is responsible for the bending of the neural plate during primary neurulation.
Signup and view all the answers
Myelomeningocele is classified as the simplest form of open neural tube defects.
Myelomeningocele is classified as the simplest form of open neural tube defects.
Signup and view all the answers
Folic acid and cholesterol are unnecessary for proper neurulation.
Folic acid and cholesterol are unnecessary for proper neurulation.
Signup and view all the answers
Most individuals with spina bifida occulta are aware that they have this condition.
Most individuals with spina bifida occulta are aware that they have this condition.
Signup and view all the answers
Neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube differentiate into neurons and glial cells.
Neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube differentiate into neurons and glial cells.
Signup and view all the answers
The diencephalon is derived from the mesencephalon.
The diencephalon is derived from the mesencephalon.
Signup and view all the answers
N-CAM helps separate the neural tube from the ectoderm.
N-CAM helps separate the neural tube from the ectoderm.
Signup and view all the answers
Colchicine and cytochalasin B promote the formation of the dorsolateral hinge points.
Colchicine and cytochalasin B promote the formation of the dorsolateral hinge points.
Signup and view all the answers
The telencephalon gives rise to the lateral ventricles of the brain.
The telencephalon gives rise to the lateral ventricles of the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
The neural tube's lumen is involved in bulging and constricting to form regions of the central nervous system.
The neural tube's lumen is involved in bulging and constricting to form regions of the central nervous system.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Ectoderm Neurulation
- Ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis, nervous system, sense organs, and other cell types.
- Endoderm forms tissues lining the digestive tract and related organs (liver, pancreas, lungs).
- Mesoderm develops into skeletal, muscle, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems.
Spemann-Mangold Organizer
- The Spemann-Mangold organizer is a cluster of cells in amphibian embryos.
- It induces the development of the central nervous system.
- Induction is the process where one group of cells influences the development of others.
The Spemann-Mangold Organizer Experiment
- The experiment involves transplanting cells from one part of an embryo to another.
- Cells in the dorsal lip of the blastopore are crucial.
- These transplanted cells induce the formation of a new central nervous system in the recipient area.
Neurulation
- Neurulation is the embryonic process forming the neural tube.
- This tube develops into the central nervous system.
- It involves a primary and secondary neurulation process.
Primary Neurulation
- Formation of the neural plate begins the process.
- The plate bends and folds into a groove.
- Eventually, the neural groove closes to form the neural tube.
- Underlying mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells to elongate.
- Intrinsic movement within epidermal and neural plate regions affects shaping.
Primary Neurulation Steps
- Formation of the neural plate
- Shaping of the neural plate
- Bending of the neural plate -- neural groove (neural fold)
- Closure of the neural groove -- neural tube
Primary Neurulation of the Neural Plate
- The neural plate forms during primary neurulation stages.
- Its medial hinge point (MHP) and dorsolateral hinge points (DLHP) play essential roles.
- The shape changes.
Closure of the Neural Tube
- Paired folds are brought together at the dorsal midline.
- A neuropore forms where ectoderm closes around the neural tube.
- Genes like Pax3, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and open brain (opb) are involved.
- Dietary folic acid (Vitamin B12) and cholesterol are important.
Differentiation of the Neural Tube
- The neural tube's lumen bulges, and constricts, forming brain and spinal cord chambers.
- Cell populations rearrange within the neural tube to form different CNS regions.
- Neuroepithelial cells differentiate into neurons and glial cells.
Neurulation in Humans
- The stages display the developmental changes at specific time points.
- Events include neural plate formation, neural fold formation, closure of the neural tube.
- Important structures such as neuropores are visible.
Differentiation of the Neural Tube: Cranial Vesiculation
- Developmental processes (vesiculation) lead to primary (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain) and secondary brain vesicles.
- Vesicles become distinctive areas in the mature brain (e.g., telencephalon).
Derivatives of Three Primary Vesicles
- Forebrain (Prosencephalon) develops into the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
- Midbrain (Mesencephalon) forms the midbrain.
- Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.
Neurogenesis
- Neural stem cells differentiate into neurons and glial cells.
- Neurons migrate and develop axons and dendrites, forming synapses.
Neuronal Formation
- There are 1011 neurons and 1012 glial cells in the nervous system.
- Oligodendrocytes are CNS glial cells, and Schwann cells are PNS glial cells.
Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord develops from the caudal end.
- Cells form the alar plate (dorsal horn) and basal plate (ventral horn).
Neural Crest
- Cells along neural plate edges form the neural crest.
- These cells break away from the neural tube and migrate.
- They differentiate into diverse cell types.
- Derivatives include cranial, circumpharyngeal, and trunk neural crest cells.
Neural Crest Derivatives
- Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons, glia, sensory, autonomic, and enteric ganglia.
- They contribute to adrenal medulla, melanocytes, cartilage, and bone.
- They respond to signals for their fate.
Neural Crest: Endocrine and Paraendocrine Derivatives
- The neural crest cells are crucial for adrenal medulla, smooth dermal muscles and paraendocrine tissue formation.
Neural Crest: Other Derivatives
- Pigment cells, anterior facial cartilage, connective tissue components are derived from neural crest cells.
- The neural crest is a crucial part of the nervous system.
- These include the cornea, tooth papillae, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, thymus, thyroid, pituitary, as well as adipose tissue.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the intricate processes of neural tube development and the crucial roles played by various structures in the formation of the central nervous system. This quiz covers conditions related to neural tube defects, the induction of sensory organs, and the support cells of the CNS and PNS. Test your knowledge on developmental biology concepts.
