Development Psychology: Sensorimotor Stages
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Questions and Answers

What is the ability to maintain consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activities called?

  • Sustained attention (correct)
  • Selective attention
  • Alternating attention
  • Divided attention

Which type of play involves children engaging in separate activities while exchanging toys and commenting on each other's behavior?

  • Constructive play
  • Cooperative play
  • Functional play
  • Associative play (correct)

What does divided attention refer to?

  • Responding simultaneously to multiple task demands (correct)
  • Attending to the same object as another person
  • Maintaining behavior in face of distractions
  • Shifting focus between tasks

What type of memory allows storage for an unlimited period of time?

<p>Long term memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play is characterized by creating or constructing something, especially common between ages 3-6?

<p>Constructive play (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes implicit memory?

<p>Memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a child to engage in the zone of proximal development?

<p>Tasks requiring help from a more skilled partner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily associated with retrieving past personal life experiences?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to information in short term memory if it is not concentrated on?

<p>It is lost within 30 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In-group favoritism in children generally leads to which of the following?

<p>Negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is working memory particularly known for?

<p>Holding small bits of recently learned information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attentional capacity allows an individual to shift focus and move between tasks?

<p>Alternating attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory does recall memory emphasize?

<p>Generating a mental image of missing stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play is particularly associated with simple and repetitive motor movements during the first 2 years?

<p>Functional play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age are children best able to filter out irrelevant stimuli?

<p>Ages 6-10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention allows someone to respond to specific auditory stimuli?

<p>Focus attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of secondary circular reactions in infants aged 4 to 8 months?

<p>Repeating interesting effects in the surrounding world (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes experience-expectant brain growth?

<p>Requires ordinary experiences like interaction and exploration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does mental representation emerge according to sensorimotor stages?

<p>18 months to 2 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes object permanence?

<p>Awareness that objects exist even when they cannot be sensed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves an infant demonstrating intentional goal-directed behavior?

<p>Coordination of secondary circular reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the mental system for information processing?

<p>Sensory register, short-term memory store, long-term memory store (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gross motor skill usually develops last among the options listed?

<p>Skip (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central executive play in cognitive processes?

<p>Directs the flow of information and complex thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Effortful Processing

The process of consciously attending to and processing information, requiring active effort.

Sensory Registry

A brief storage system that holds sensory information for a fraction of a second. This is where sights and sounds are initially processed.

Selective Attention

The ability to selectively focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.

Short Term Memory

The ability to hold a small amount of information in mind for a short period of time, typically 30 seconds.

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Working Memory

A dynamic process where we actively work with information in short-term memory, manipulating and connecting it.

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Long Term Memory

The ability to store information for long periods of time, with a seemingly unlimited capacity.

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Explicit Memory

The type of long-term memory that involves consciously recalling factual knowledge and past events.

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Implicit Memory

The type of long-term memory that influences behavior without requiring conscious recall.

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Sustained Attention

The ability to focus on one task for a long period of time, even if it's boring or repetitive.

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Alternating Attention

The ability to switch between different tasks or focus points.

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Divided Attention

The ability to handle multiple tasks or demands simultaneously.

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Joint Attention

When a child focuses on the same object or event as their caregiver.

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Parallel Play

Play where children play near each other but don't interact directly.

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Associative Play

Play where children engage in separate activities but share toys and comment on each other.

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Cooperative Play

Play where children work together towards a common goal or theme.

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Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)

Babies learn by interacting with their own bodies. This involves repeating simple movements like sucking, grasping, or kicking.

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Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

Babies start exploring and interacting with the world around them. They repeat actions that lead to interesting results, like shaking a rattle or making a noise.

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Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months)

Babies start combining their learned skills to achieve a goal. They understand the connection between their actions and the outcome. For example, they might crawl to reach a toy.

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Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

Babies actively experiment and learn new things by manipulating objects in different ways. They explore the properties of objects, like dropping them or shaking them to see what happens.

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Mental Representation (18 months-2 years)

Babies start using symbols and mental images to represent objects and events. They can solve problems by thinking about them first. For example, they might pretend to eat from an empty bowl.

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Experience-Expectant Brain Growth

The brain's rapid development that relies on basic experiences like exploring the environment, interacting with people, and understanding language.

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Experience-Dependent Brain Growth

The brain's continued growth and learning throughout life based on specific experiences. This can vary greatly from person to person.

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Object Permanence

The ability to understand that objects still exist even when they are hidden. This means a baby can find an object that was hidden in the same location.

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Study Notes

Sensorimotor Stages

  • Reflexive schemes: Birth to 1 month. Infants exhibit reflexes.
  • Primary circular reactions: 1-4 months. Infants repeat simple motor actions centered on their own bodies.
  • Secondary circular reactions: 4-8 months. Infants repeat actions that affect the environment.
  • Coordination of secondary circular reactions: 8-12 months. Intentional goal-directed behaviors emerge.
  • Tertiary circular reactions: 12-18 months. Exploration of object properties through experimentation.
  • Mental representation: 18-24 months. Internal depictions of objects and events; problem-solving.

Brain Growth

  • Experience-expectant brain growth: Early brain development dependent on ordinary experiences.
    • Exploration, interaction with people, and exposure to language are crucial.
  • Experience-dependent brain growth: Lifelong growth and refinement of existing brain structures due to specific learning experiences.
    • Experiences like reading, playing, or practicing music influence brain development.

Cognitive Principles and Theories

  • Object permanence: Awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
  • Central executive/executive functioning: Directs information flow and enables complex thinking.
  • Information processing: Three-part mental system for processing information:
    • Sensory register: Initial information processing.
    • Short-term memory: Briefly holds information.
    • Long-term memory: Permanent storage.

Sensory Registry

  • Sensory information (sights and sounds) is initially represented and briefly stored.
  • Enhanced attention leads to better transfer to short-term memory.

Memory

  • Short-term memory: Information from sensory memory enters conscious processing.

Attention

  • Focus attention: Responding to specific stimuli (visual, auditory, or tactile).
  • Sustained attention: Maintaining consistent responses during continuous activities.
  • Selective attention: Focusing on stimuli while ignoring distractions.
  • Alternating attention: Switching between tasks.
  • Divided attention: Performing multiple tasks simultaneously.
  • Joint attention: Sharing attention with another person on a common object or event.

Levels of Play

  • Parallel play: Children play near each other but do not interact.
  • Associative play: Children engage in separate activities but share toys and materials.
  • Cooperative play: Children work together toward common goals.
  • Functional play: Simple, repetitive movements with or without objects, common in toddlers.
  • Constructive play: Creating or constructing objects, common in preschoolers.
  • Make-believe play: Acting out roles or situations, common in pre-school age children.

Social Structures

  • In-group favoritism: Children show preference for their own group.
  • Out-group prejudice: Negative attitudes towards groups other than their own, can develop early.

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Description

Explore the key stages of sensorimotor development as described by Piaget, from reflexive schemes to mental representation. Understand how brain growth is influenced by both expected experiences and specific learning moments throughout life.

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