Development Principles in Psychology

Questions and Answers

Which principle states that development proceeds from simple to complex? (Select one)

The Growth Principle (correct)

The Orthogenetic Principle

The Proximodistal Principle

The Cephalocaudal Principle

How are the proximodistal principle and the cephalocaudal principle different? (Select one)

The cephalocaudal principle states that development occurs from the center of the body outward, while the proximodistal principles state that development occurs from top to bottom. (correct)

The principle states that development occurs from the center of the body outward, while the cephalocaudal principle states that development occurs top to bottom.

The proximodistal principle states the body grows from the bottom to the top, while the cephalocaudal principle states that the body grows from top to the bottom.

The cephalocaudal principle states that the body grows from the bottom to the top, while the proximodistal principle states that the body grows from top to the bottom.

Why are universal principles of growth and development important? (Select one)

Because they describe the orthogenetic principle.

Because they describe the rate at which a person develops.

Because they describe individual stages.

Because they describe the stages of biological development. (correct)

Which of the following is true about biological development? (Select one)

It occurs in an organized, sequential order. Signup and view all the answers

Why are most stages of development described as occurring within an age range rather than at a specific time? (Select one)

Because there are normal individual differences in the rates of development. Signup and view all the answers

What substage of cognitive development is a child in when repeating reflexive behavior? (Select one)

Primary Circular Reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stage in cognitive development that occurs during infancy? (Select one)

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What substage of cognitive development was Henry in when he displayed reflex actions at one month old? (Select one)

The uses of reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What substage of cognitive development was Henry in when he used a mental representation for pretend play? (Select one)

Coordination of Tertiary Reactions Signup and view all the answers

How is object permanence defined? (Select one)

The understanding that objects still exist when they are out of sight Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Principles of Growth and Development

Growth Principle: Development progresses from simple to complex functions.
Cephalocaudal Principle: Body grows from the top down; development occurs from head to toe.
Proximodistal Principle: Development happens from the center of the body outward; focus on limbs and trunk first.

Universal Principles of Development

Importance: Universal principles describe stages of biological development, highlighting common patterns across individuals.

Nature of Biological Development

Sequential Order: Biological development occurs in an organized, sequential manner, regardless of individual differences.

Age Range in Development Stages

Rationale for Age Ranges: Stages are often expressed within an age range due to normal individual differences in the rate of development.

Cognitive Development Stages

Sensorimotor Stage: Cognitive development during infancy characterized by exploration and interaction with the environment through reflexes and sensory experiences.

Substages of Sensorimotor Development

Uses of Reflexes: In first month, infants exhibit reflexive behavior.
Primary Circular Reactions: Infants (around 1-4 months) repeat reflexive actions due to enjoying the outcome.
Coordination of Tertiary Reactions: Involves mental representations and pretend play, demonstrating cognitive growth.
Object Permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, typically developing around 8-12 months.

Key Cognitive Development Concepts

Reflexive Actions: Initial stage involving automatic responses to stimuli.
Mental Representation: The ability to visualize objects and scenarios, facilitating pretend play.