Development Policies and International Aid

Traits that can either hinder or foster development, such as discipline and integrity.

Refers to how open a society is to foreign ideas, people, and practices, which can influence economic growth.

The belief that the future can be shaped and influenced by current actions.

The belief that not everything is acceptable in a functioning society. Includes adherence to punctuality, rigorousness, respect for the law, and respect for foreigners.

A theory explaining how values embedded in a society's culture affect its members' behavior and attitudes.

Emphasizes the importance of community over the individual, with strong social pressure to conform to cultural norms.

Traditional gender roles often place women in subordinate positions, leading to social and economic disparities between men and women.

High value placed on sociable togetherness, leading to expectations of participation in social gatherings and community events.

The portion of the global population who live on less than $1.90 a day, primarily concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

The expansion of individuals' freedoms and capabilities, going beyond just economic growth.

Factors that contribute to development, like increased GNP, higher incomes, industrialization, technological advancements, and societal modernization.

The existence of obstacles to freedom, such as poverty, hunger, lack of healthcare, limited education, unequal opportunities, and political oppression.

The question of why there is such a stark difference in wealth and development between nations, despite the overall growth in global resources.

Explores the reasons why Western Eurasian societies, specifically European nations, gained dominance over other parts of the world through wealth, advanced technology, and conquest.

The idea that colder climates promote innovation and hard work, leading to more advanced societies. However, this theory is contradicted by historical evidence showing that Northern European societies weren't early contributors to civilization.

Biological differences in intelligence or technology are not accepted as valid explanations for disparities in development as there is no scientific evidence to support the idea that certain races or groups are inherently smarter or more capable.

The state of being caught between two conflicting cultural values, often leading to personal distress and psychological issues.

A theory by Max Weber suggesting that the Protestant work ethic, particularly Calvinism, contributed significantly to the rise of capitalism.

The belief that a person's salvation or damnation is predetermined by God, leading to a focus on worldly success as a sign of God's favor.

The practice of reinvesting profits instead of spending them on luxuries or charity, which is promoted by the Protestant work ethic.

The idea that laziness and failure are signs of moral and spiritual failings, further motivating people to work hard and succeed.

Sociologist Gerhard Lenski's study that found Protestant societies displayed stronger capitalist tendencies compared to Catholic societies.

The argument that economic development is more closely tied to literacy rates rather than religious beliefs.

Fernand Braudel's view emphasizing the historical and geographical factors contributing to economic dominance, rather than just religious ideology.

The theory that Western civilization's rise was fueled by its ability to borrow and adapt ideas and technologies from other civilizations, particularly those from the East, including China, India, Persia, and the Islamic world.

Competition is seen as a driving force behind innovation, expansion, and progress in Western civilization.

Western Europe's diverse geography led to political fragmentation, resulting in multiple competing states, which fueled innovation and exploration.

China's unified empire with a homogenous plain resulted in less regional competition, leading to a slower pace of innovation and exploration.

Japan's Meiji Restoration emphasized adopting Western practices after realizing Western technological and military superiority.

The Abbasid Caliphate and Islamic Golden Age, from the 8th to 13th centuries, witnessed significant scientific and intellectual advancements in the Islamic world.

Arabic translations of Greek texts on philosophy, mathematics, and science contributed to the Islamic Golden Age.

Al-Khwarizmi is credited with introducing algebra as a field of mathematics.

The stage where birth rates decline while death rates remain low, leading to slowing population growth. This stage is often driven by social changes like access to education for women.

The stage where birth rates and death rates are low, resulting in minimal or zero population growth. The aging population becomes an important factor.

The stage where birth rates fall below death rates, causing population decline and an aging population.

A situation where a large population strains limited infrastructure and resources. This is common in countries with high birth rates and inadequate development.

The number of people who are not in the workforce compared to the number of people who are working. A high dependency ratio means more people need to be supported by those working.

Rapid population growth due to declining death rates and sustained high birth rates. This stage is often driven by technological advances and improved healthcare.

A model used to describe the different stages of population growth, influenced by factors like birth rate, death rate, and social development.

The decline in population growth due to factors like economic pressure, career priorities, and limited access to resources.

The French colonial government in West Africa actively implemented a free healthcare system for the indigenous population in the early 20th century.

Vaccination campaigns in French West Africa, particularly the compulsory smallpox immunization, significantly reduced the prevalence of deadly diseases.

The 'Scramble for Africa' was a period of intense competition among European powers to colonize African territories. This involved both a quest for resources and a drive to understand tropical diseases.

Colonizers actively invested in combating tropical diseases like malaria, cholera, and yellow fever to secure their presence in tropical regions.

The consumer society refers to the transformation in society driven by the rise of mass consumption. This change significantly altered class dynamics, labor relations, and global power.

Karl Marx believed that industrial capitalism would create an intensely unequal society. He predicted that 'bourgeoisie' (capitalist owners) would exploit 'proletariat' (working class) leading to an inevitable revolution.

Higher wages in industrialized nations led to increased purchasing power for workers, fueling economic growth and preventing the social revolution predicted by Marx.

The consumer society democratized access to goods, diminishing visible class disparities. Workers, instead of revolting, focused on improving their wages and working conditions.