Podcast
Questions and Answers
Vulnerability to poverty increases the probability of falling into _____ as a consequence of exposure to shocks.
Vulnerability to poverty increases the probability of falling into _____ as a consequence of exposure to shocks.
poverty
Shocks can lead to a decline in _____ consumption among the poor compared to their current situation.
Shocks can lead to a decline in _____ consumption among the poor compared to their current situation.
food
Natural disasters and economic shocks are examples of _____ risks that affect many people.
Natural disasters and economic shocks are examples of _____ risks that affect many people.
covariate
To lessen vulnerability, risk _____ strategies involve reducing the probability and severity of shocks.
To lessen vulnerability, risk _____ strategies involve reducing the probability and severity of shocks.
Basic needs are necessary aspects of life for human _____ and include health, education, and nutrition.
Basic needs are necessary aspects of life for human _____ and include health, education, and nutrition.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator that combines measures of education, _____, and PPP-GNIPPc.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator that combines measures of education, _____, and PPP-GNIPPc.
Self-managed risk coping strategies include activities like borrowing, selling assets, and _____ postponement.
Self-managed risk coping strategies include activities like borrowing, selling assets, and _____ postponement.
Chronic poverty refers to long-term _____ as a result of irreversible shocks.
Chronic poverty refers to long-term _____ as a result of irreversible shocks.
Education access is a crucial component of defining basic needs, alongside nutrition and _____ services.
Education access is a crucial component of defining basic needs, alongside nutrition and _____ services.
_______ risks are characterized by affecting individuals or particular households rather than large groups.
_______ risks are characterized by affecting individuals or particular households rather than large groups.
The principle of 'Leave No One Behind' is applied to ensure universal access to basic ______.
The principle of 'Leave No One Behind' is applied to ensure universal access to basic ______.
A multi-dimensional assessment of poverty includes not just income, but also health, education, and ______ vulnerabilities.
A multi-dimensional assessment of poverty includes not just income, but also health, education, and ______ vulnerabilities.
Risk reduction strategies aim to minimize the impact of ______ on livelihoods.
Risk reduction strategies aim to minimize the impact of ______ on livelihoods.
Measuring basic needs entitlements often requires indicators that reflect ______ adequacy.
Measuring basic needs entitlements often requires indicators that reflect ______ adequacy.
One challenge in measuring the SDGs is that indicators can sometimes be ______.
One challenge in measuring the SDGs is that indicators can sometimes be ______.
Data availability is crucial for assessing the impacts of poverty and needs at an ______ level.
Data availability is crucial for assessing the impacts of poverty and needs at an ______ level.
To effectively measure poverty, it is important to establish thresholds for ______ performance.
To effectively measure poverty, it is important to establish thresholds for ______ performance.
Multi-dimensional poverty indicators provide a more ______ view of poverty than income alone.
Multi-dimensional poverty indicators provide a more ______ view of poverty than income alone.
Traffic light readings on a dashboard help visualize the ______ of a country's performance in achieving SDGs.
Traffic light readings on a dashboard help visualize the ______ of a country's performance in achieving SDGs.
Establishing upper bounds for indicators includes setting goals like zero ______ and universal basic education.
Establishing upper bounds for indicators includes setting goals like zero ______ and universal basic education.
The concept of sustainability is concerned with intergenerational ______.
The concept of sustainability is concerned with intergenerational ______.
Sustainability involves assessing the impact of current behavior on natural resources and the ______.
Sustainability involves assessing the impact of current behavior on natural resources and the ______.
One aspect of sustainability includes the transmission of stocks of ______ across generations.
One aspect of sustainability includes the transmission of stocks of ______ across generations.
The Quality of Life indicators include political stability and ______.
The Quality of Life indicators include political stability and ______.
William Easterly described 81 QoL indicators that comprise factors such as individual rights and ______.
William Easterly described 81 QoL indicators that comprise factors such as individual rights and ______.
Amartya Sen advocates for development as a process of expanding ______.
Amartya Sen advocates for development as a process of expanding ______.
Sen's capabilities approach emphasizes the importance of ______ in making personal choices.
Sen's capabilities approach emphasizes the importance of ______ in making personal choices.
Freedom from ignorance and ______ is considered essential in Sen's central human capabilities.
Freedom from ignorance and ______ is considered essential in Sen's central human capabilities.
The SDGs consist of goals, targets, and ______ for measuring progress.
The SDGs consist of goals, targets, and ______ for measuring progress.
Multi-dimensional poverty indicators assess more than just income; they evaluate basic needs and ______.
Multi-dimensional poverty indicators assess more than just income; they evaluate basic needs and ______.
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Study Notes
Vulnerability to Shocks
- Individuals face a probability of falling into poverty due to exposure to unexpected shocks, which may be exacerbated for the poor.
- Shocks can lead to increased poverty incidence, depth of poverty, and lower future income compared to current income.
- The poor experience a greater impact from declines in income or food consumption than wealthier individuals.
Types of Risks
- Covariate Risks: Affect many people simultaneously (e.g., natural disasters).
- Idiosyncratic Risks: Impact individuals or specific households (e.g., health shocks).
- Irreversibility Risks: Shocks that can result in chronic or situational poverty.
Risk Management Strategies
- Risk Reduction (Prevention): Education, vaccination, and investment in climate-adaptive practices alleviate shock severity.
- Risk Management (Mitigation): Involves personal strategies like income diversification and mutual support systems.
- Risk Coping: Actions taken after experiencing shocks include borrowing, asset selling, or postponing consumption.
Basic needs and Entitlements
- Basic needs encompass essential aspects of life: health, education, nutrition, housing, and sanitation, reflecting a broad consensus for human development.
- Indicators of basic needs include health metrics, educational statistics, and nutrition assessments.
Measuring Progress
- Human Development Index (HDI): Combines education, health, and income measures for national development assessment.
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Reflects poverty across various dimensions beyond monetary measures.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Total of 231 unique indicators for SDGs; 248 listed in total with some repeats.
- Effective measurement relies on indicator availability, validity, and applicability across diverse country contexts.
Challenges in Measuring SDGs
- Indicators can be vague or outdated, and data availability varies globally.
- Some targets lack universally agreed indicators, and index comparisons require caution.
Index Creation and Scoring
- Establish performance thresholds by setting upper and lower bounds for each indicator.
- Normalization techniques ensure comparability among different indicators.
International Spillover Index
- Tracks a country's actions’ environmental and social impacts on others, focusing on trade and finance.
Sustainability Concept
- Encompasses intergenerational equity, ensuring future generations are not disadvantaged by current resource use.
- Key issues include climate change, carbon emissions, and the transmission of asset stocks across generations.
Quality of Life Perspectives
- William Easterly's indicators cover political stability, individual rights, and absence of societal “bads.”
- Amartya Sen emphasizes the enlargement of freedom, equating development with expanding individual capabilities and opportunities.
Central Human Capabilities
- Fundamental freedoms include engaging in productive activity, being free from hunger and ignorance, and participating in community life.
Framework of SDGs
- Each SDG comprises specific goals, targets, and indicators to measure development progress.
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