Development in India, China, and Pakistan
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Questions and Answers

What was the percentage of the workforce engaged in agriculture in China?

  • 50%
  • 28% (correct)
  • 43%
  • 17%

Which country had the highest contribution of agriculture to GDP in 2016?

  • Pakistan (correct)
  • China
  • Bangladesh
  • India

Which sector contributes the most to India's GDP?

  • Primary sector
  • Agricultural sector
  • Tertiary sector (correct)
  • Secondary sector

In 2014, what percentage of the workforce in India was engaged in the service sector?

<p>29% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was China's contribution of the secondary sector to its total GDP?

<p>43% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of the workforce engaged in manufacturing in Pakistan?

<p>23% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country showed a decline in all three economic sectors?

<p>Pakistan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country had a higher percentage of workforce engaged in the service sector in 1980?

<p>Pakistan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of economic system does Pakistan follow?

<p>Mixed Economic System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant agricultural initiative was introduced in Pakistan to increase food production?

<p>Green Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the early 1970s, what major economic policy was implemented in Pakistan?

<p>Nationalization of Capital Goods Industries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the lowest density of population?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred in Pakistan's economic policy in the late 1970s?

<p>Adoption of De-nationalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest fertility rate?

<p>Pakistan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As of 2015, which country had the highest population?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sex ratio in India?

<p>929 females per 1000 males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the population growth rate of Pakistan per annum in 2015?

<p>2.1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Pakistan's population compare to that of India and China as of 2015?

<p>Around 1/10th of India and China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the GDP growth rate of China from 1980 to 1990?

<p>10.3% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest level of urbanization?

<p>China (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population control policy was introduced in China in the late 1970s?

<p>One-child Policy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the GDP of India in trillion US dollars?

<p>8.07 trillion US dollars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the GDP growth rate of India from 2011-2015?

<p>6.7% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of land area in China is suitable for cultivation?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest Human Development Index (HDI) among India, China, and Pakistan?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the life expectancy at birth in India?

<p>68.3 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest mean years of schooling?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infant mortality rate (IMR) in Pakistan?

<p>66 infants per 1000 live births (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people in India are below the poverty line?

<p>37% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maternal mortality rate in China?

<p>27 per 100,000 births (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest GDP per capita in 2016?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population in India has access to improved water sources?

<p>94% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is undernourished in India?

<p>39% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is highlighted as insufficient according to the content?

<p>Human Development Index (HDI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has food production in India and Pakistan responded to population growth?

<p>It has successfully kept pace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area does India have an advantage over Pakistan?

<p>Skilled manpower and R&amp;D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common failure of both India and Pakistan?

<p>High levels of tax evasion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant achievement has Pakistan made in workforce migration?

<p>Migration from agriculture to industries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what area is Pakistan outperforming India more significantly according to the content?

<p>External trade expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was China’s main focus during its reform process compared to India?

<p>Poverty elevation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate death toll caused by the severe drought in China?

<p>30 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant policy did Mao introduce in 1965?

<p>Cultural Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key change in agriculture during China's reforms starting in 1978?

<p>Commune lands were divided into smaller plots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dual pricing in the reform process entail?

<p>Purchasing fixed quantities at government prices and others at market prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were special economic zones (SEZ) established in China?

<p>To attract foreign investors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Pakistan gain independence?

<p>14 August 1947 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in 1971 affected Pakistan's territorial integrity?

<p>Civil war in East Pakistan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated population growth rate of Pakistan as per 2015 data?

<p>2.1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cultural Revolution (China)

A period in China (1966-1976) where students and professionals were sent to rural areas to learn and work.

China's Economic Reforms (1978)

A series of economic changes in China, starting in 1978, focused on agriculture, foreign trade, investment, and later the industrial sector.

Dual Pricing (China)

A pricing system in China where goods were sold at government-fixed prices for some transactions, and market prices for others.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Designated areas in China to attract foreign investment, often with special incentives and regulations.

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Drought's Impact (China)

Severe drought in China caused major devastation and loss of life.

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1947 Pakistan Independence

Pakistan gained independence in 1947.

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China's agricultural reform

Commune lands were divided into individual plots for use, not ownership in early reforms, with individuals keeping income after taxes.

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Population of Pakistan (2015)

Pakistan had 188 million people in 2015, with a population growth rate of 2.1% annually.

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Pakistan's Economic System

Pakistan has a mixed economic system, combining public and private sectors.

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Early Economic Policies (1950s-60s)

Pakistan introduced policies to help domestic industries grow. Tariffs were used to protect local goods.

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Green Revolution Impact

Increased agricultural production in Pakistan, partly due to the Green Revolution and investment in infrastructure.

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1970s Public Sector Role

In the early 1970s, the Pakistani government took control of some important industries.

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1970s Private Sector Role

Later in the 1970s, Pakistan encouraged private businesses through de-nationalization and incentives.

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Economic Support (Late 1970s)

Pakistan received financial aid from other countries and remittances (money sent home) from workers abroad, which helped boost the economy.

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Pakistan Population (2015)

In 2015, Pakistan had a population of approximately 188 million people.

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Pakistan Population Growth (2015)

Pakistan's population growth rate was 2.1% per year in 2015.

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HDI

The Human Development Index (HDI) measures a country's overall development based on life expectancy, education, and income per capita.

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Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a particular country.

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Mean Years of Schooling

The average number of years people have spent in school, a good indicator of education levels.

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of babies dying before their first birthday per 1000 live births.

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Poverty Line

The income level below which people are considered poor and unable to meet their basic needs.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of mothers dying during childbirth per 100,000 births.

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GDP per Capita

The average income per person in a country, indicating the overall economic well-being.

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Improved Water Sources

The percentage of people with access to clean and safe water, a basic necessity for health.

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China's workforce shift

China has moved its workforce from agriculture to manufacturing and then to services, showing a gradual transition between sectors.

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India's workforce shift

India has directly transitioned its workforce from agriculture to the service sector, skipping a strong manufacturing phase.

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Pakistan's workforce shift

Pakistan's workforce shifted to services more quickly than India and China in the 1980s, but its growth in this sector has slowed down.

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China's economic growth

China's main economic growth in recent years was driven by its strong manufacturing sector, which contributed a significant portion of its GDP.

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India's economic growth

India's main economic growth has been in its service sector, with a large portion of its GDP coming from services like IT and finance.

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Pakistan's economic growth

Pakistan has seen a decline in growth across its agricultural, industrial and service sectors, indicating a need for improvements.

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Human Development Index (HDI)

The HDI measures a country's overall well-being by looking at factors like life expectancy, education levels, and income.

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HDI and development

A higher HDI score generally indicates a higher level of economic and social development in a country.

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Undernourishment in India

39% of India's population is undernourished, indicating a significant lack of access to sufficient food for a healthy life.

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Undernourishment in Pakistan

In Pakistan, 45% of the population is undernourished, highlighting a serious issue of food insecurity.

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Liberty Indicators

Measures that evaluate the level of participation by citizens in social and political decision-making, demonstrating the extent of individual freedoms.

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Common Success of India and Pakistan

Both countries have witnessed significant growth in per capita income, a reduction in absolute poverty, and increased food production to meet population demand.

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Common Failures of India and Pakistan

Both countries faced challenges due to inward-looking trade policies that hindered globalization, political mindsets favoring control over freedom, tax evasion, high fiscal deficits, and significant spending on defense.

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India's Edge over Pakistan

India excels in skilled manpower, R&D, software exports, lower population growth, and better health facilities compared to Pakistan.

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Pakistan's Edge over India

Pakistan has achieved better results in workforce migration from agriculture to industries, faster external trade growth, higher investment efficiency, and improved water source management compared to India.

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China's Edge over India

China started its reform process earlier than India, focusing more on poverty reduction while India primarily aimed for GDP growth.

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Population Density

The number of people living in a specific area, usually measured in people per square kilometer.

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Sex Ratio

The number of females per 1000 males in a population. It reflects the balance between men and women.

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Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman has during her reproductive years.

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Urbanization

The process of people moving from rural areas to cities, leading to an increase in urban population.

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Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A way to compare the purchasing power of different currencies by looking at how much a unit of money can buy in each country.

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GDP Growth Rate

The percentage change in a country's GDP over a specific period, indicating economic growth.

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Primary Sector

The part of the economy that involves extracting raw materials from the earth, like agriculture and mining.

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Secondary Sector

The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into finished goods, like manufacturing and construction.

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Study Notes

India, China, and Pakistan Development

  • India is the world's largest democracy with a secular and liberal constitution.
  • China recently shifted towards a more liberal constitution (from socialist economy).
  • Pakistan has an autocratic military political structure.
  • All three started their development paths around the same time (1940s-1950s).
  • India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947.
  • China's People's Republic was established in 1949.
  • Each nation planned development strategies similarly.
  • India launched its first five-year plan in 1951.
  • Pakistan's was in 1956, and China's in 1953.
  • Similar strategies included creating large public sectors and increased social development expenditures.
  • Growth rates and per capita incomes were similar until the 1980s for the three countries.

China's Development

  • China is the world's most populous country (1.37 billion in 2015).
  • It's the third largest country geographically (9.6 million square kilometers).
  • China's population growth rate was 0.5% annually in 2015.
  • Its controls were brought under government control after its People's Republic was established.
  • The Great Leap Forward (1958) campaign aimed to modernize China's economy through rapid industrialization.
  • Rural communes, and collective farming, were established.
  • A severe drought caused great havoc in China, killing approximately 30 million people.
  • Reforms in the 1970s involved de-nationalization and incentives for private sector investment.
  • Dual pricing systems were used.
  • Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established to attract foreign investment.

Pakistan's Development

  • Pakistan gained independence in 1947.
  • It borders Central Asia, the Middle East, and Afghanistan.
  • Its total area is 796,095 square kilometers (2015).
  • Pakistan also follows a mixed-economy model.
  • Its 2015 population was 188 million.
  • Policies were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s to support domestic industries.
  • Tariffs were imposed on imports to protect domestic goods.
  • Pakistan received financial support from Western nations and remittances from emigrants.
  • The Green Revolution increased food production.

Demographic Indicators (2015)

  • China has the largest population (1.37 billion) with the second largest India (1.3 billion)

  • Pakistan has a much smaller population compared to China.

  • China's population growth rate is low due to the one-child policy

  • China, India, and Pakistan each have unique political and economic factors impacting development.

Demographic Indicators (2016)

  • HDI Rankings are as follows: India 131, China 91, and Pakistan 148.
  • Life expectancy: China (76 years), India (68.3 years), Pakistan (66.4 years).
  • Mean years of schooling: China (7.6 years), India (6.3 years), Pakistan (5.1 years).
  • Infant mortality rate: China (9 per 1,000 births) is lower than both India (38) and Pakistan (66).
  • Population below poverty line is largest in Pakistan and lowest in China
  • Maternal mortality: China (27 per 100,000 births) is less than both India (174) and Pakistan (178).
  • GDP per capita in the different countries

Economic Indicators 1980-2015

  • China's growth rate is much higher than India's and Pakistan
  • China's GDP growth rate was in the double digits in the 1980s, but after 2011 the growth rate declined,
  • Pakistan and India's growth rates declined
  • China's GDP was substantially higher than others in the same period

Sectoral Contributions (2014-15)

  • China's primary sector (agriculture) was small, only 10% of the total land.
  • China's workforce engaged in the secondary sector (manufacturing) was 29%
  • In 1980s, Pakistan initially favored faster shifts to the service sector, unlike India and China.

Development Strategy Comparisons

  • China's reforms started earlier and focused more on both the service and secondary sectors, which aided its rapid economic development.
  • India and Pakistan's primary sector (agriculture) had a high portion of the workforce.
  • While all three countries experienced growth, China had more success compared to India and Pakistan.

Important Considerations

  • Political instability and significant dependence on foreign loans hindered Pakistan's economy
  • India's poverty problem and infrastructure concerns hampered its rapid growth.
  • Although China is a major economic player, human rights concerns are a concern.

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Unit 6 Indian Economy PDF

Description

Explore the developmental paths of India, China, and Pakistan from the mid-20th century. Learn about their political structures, economic strategies, and how they evolved over time. This quiz covers the significant milestones and impacts on each country's growth.

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