W8: Development Contexts and Theories
36 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What parenting style is characterized by providing a rationale for rules and expressing pleasure in a child's accomplishments?

  • Uninvolved
  • Authoritarian
  • Authoritative (correct)
  • Permissive

    • Which dimension of Baumrind's parenting styles focuses on the level of control exerted by the parent?

  • Parental Demandingness (correct)
  • Parental Warmth
  • Parental Affection
  • Parental Understanding

    • What is a common outcome for children raised by authoritarian parents?

  • Creative problem-solving skills
  • Fearfulness in asserting themselves (correct)
  • High self-esteem
  • Strong independence

    • Which statement describes uninvolved parenting?

    <p>It minimizes time and effort spent with the child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential negative effect may arise from providing too many opportunities to children?

    <p>Over-scheduling and overwhelm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does not directly correlate with the quality of parenting interactions?

    <p>Child’s academic performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'earned security' achieved in the context of intergenerational attachment studies?

    <p>Through perspective taking and autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typical of permissive parenting?

    <p>Tolerance of child’s maladaptive impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critique is often applied to the typological approach to parenting?

    <p>It suggests parents are always consistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'tiger parenting' emphasize?

    <p>Highly controlling methods while believing in the child's potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that Belsky identifies as a determinant of parenting quality?

    <p>Parent's employment and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bronfenbrenner's theory emphasize in the context of development?

    <p>The interaction between various environmental contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic identified by Belsky that determines parenting?

    <p>Quality of local schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the phenomenon of 'two speed childhoods' in Australia according to the content?

    <p>Entrenched poverty and social exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'effective' parenting in Belsky's model?

    <p>Establishing necessary boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of children is reported to be more affected by child abuse in disadvantaged families?

    <p>Children living below the poverty line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cited as a major contributor to poor parenting capacity in Australia?

    <p>Social exclusion and entrenched poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with positive adaptation to parenting according to Heinickle (2002)?

    <p>Ego strength and adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been observed regarding authoritarian parenting styles in Chinese families compared to American families?

    <p>Authoritarian parenting does not lead to the same negative outcomes in China as it does in the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with better outcomes for children in relation to father involvement?

    <p>Father's attendance at antenatal classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a significant aspect of fathers' contributions to child development?

    <p>Creating emotional bonds with grandparents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sibling relationships influence children's development?

    <p>They promote earlier development of theory of mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one misconception about only children?

    <p>Only children are likely to be spoiled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has been identified as most influencing children's post-divorce adjustment?

    <p>Quality of parenting environment following the divorce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence do grandparents generally have on child outcomes?

    <p>Their involvement is generally associated with positive outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common barrier to fatherhood mentioned in the content?

    <p>Work-family challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation is likely to pose challenges for children following divorce?

    <p>High levels of parental conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been found about fathers' emotional responses to childbirth?

    <p>Men often report being deeply moved by the experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted trend regarding parental roles in separated families?

    <p>Shared parenting can lead to better child outcomes under ideal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sibling dynamics, what is referred to as the 'black sheep' phenomenon?

    <p>One child being scapegoated in the family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is critical for improving outcomes for children after parental divorce?

    <p>Quality of the custodial parent-child relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Belsky's Determinants of Parenting model includes 3 determinants including:

    <p>Parent characteristics, child characteristics, and context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability did the Minnesota Longitudinal Study find that allowed people to be more adaptive parents?

    <p>Self-reflection and perceive psychological needs of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Baumrind's parenting typologies includes high warmth and low demandingness?

    <p>Permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a type of shared parenting that occurs post-seperation?

    <p>Permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'social address' refer to?

    <p>The economic advantage or disadvantage that impacts a parent's ability to provide their child certain opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories about Contexts for Development

    • Genes & Environment
      • Genes are static but the environment is modifiable and can be improved.
      • The role of culture is significant in shaping development.
      • Family structures are evolving and diversifying.

    Bronfenbrenner's Integrative Ecological Systems Theory

    • This theory emphasizes the importance of the interplay between individual development and the multiple ecological systems surrounding the person.

    Belsky's Determinants of Parenting Model

    • Effective parenting requires more than being "nice" to a child.
    • It involves creating boundaries even when the child may not like them.
    • There are three main characteristics that influence parenting:
      • Parent Characteristics:
        • Attachment history, psychological resources, personality.
        • Mental health.
        • Employment and education.
      • Child Characteristics:
        • Temperament, disability, health, birth order, gender.
      • Context:
        • Family structure - including the stability and type of family unit.
        • Social network and resources.
        • Socioeconomic status (SES) - influencing access to opportunities and social advantages.

    Two-Speed Childhoods in Australia

    • Social exclusion and entrenched poverty limit opportunities for children.
      • More than 1.2 million Australian children live below the poverty line, lacking basic needs.
      • Child abuse is more common in disadvantaged families.
      • High-quality childcare and preschool can offset risks associated with poverty.
    • First Nations people face unique challenges:
      • They experience higher rates of domestic violence, sexual abuse, and out-of-home care.
      • Intergenerational disadvantage is prevalent.
      • Community interventions and adequate resources within the child protection system are vital.
      • Acknowledging and respecting their traditions and customs is crucial.

    Predictors of Positive Parenting

    • Positive adaptation to parenthood leads to better parenting quality.
    • Heinickle (2002) found several characteristics associated with high parenting quality:
      • Adaptation-competence/ego strength (often with mature parents).
      • Capacity for sustained relationships.
      • Self-development (maturity and confidence).
    • The Minnesota Longitudinal Study highlighted the importance of personality traits:
      • The ability to engage in reflection, perceive other's psychological needs, and integrate these aspects are critical for adaptive parenting.
    • Research on intergenerational attachment:
      • A secure working model of attachment in parents predicts secure attachment in their offspring.
      • "Earned security" can be achieved through flexibility, perspective-taking, and autonomy.

    Parental Influences on Child Outcomes

    • The quality of interactions between parents and children is significant.
    • Parents act as instructors, shaping their children's values and knowledge.
    • Parents who monitor their children's activities tend to have children with better outcomes.
    • Providing social opportunities for children leads to positive outcomes.
    • However, privileged parents may find it easier to provide opportunities and monitor their children's activities.
    • Caveat: Overscheduling children can lead to overwhelm.

    Baumrind's Parenting Styles

    • This framework is based on observations of family interactions and interviews.
    • It focuses on two key dimensions:
      • Parental Warmth/Responsiveness: Expressing concern for the child's experiences, listening to them, providing rationale for rules, and showing pleasure in their accomplishments.
      • Parental Demandingness/Control: Taking control when necessary, setting appropriate limits based on the child's developmental stage, and making age-appropriate maturity demands.

    Parenting Styles & Child Outcomes

    • Authoritative:
      • Reciprocal parenting, characterized by warmth and firmness.
      • Leads to children who are self-confident, responsible, and socially adept.
    • Authoritarian:
      • "Power assertion parenting," low threshold for disobedience, with little explanation for rules.
      • Leads to children who are fearful, have low self-esteem, and an external locus of control.
    • Permissive:
      • "Indulgent," tolerating even maladaptive child impulses.
      • Leads to children who may be demanding, dependent, disengaged from school, and involved in misconduct.
      • However, they may feel close to their parents and have high social competence.
    • Uninvolved:
      • "Neglectful," minimizing time and effort with the child.
      • Leads to children with compromised competence, poor self-worth, distress, poor self-control, and attachment disruptions.

    Critiques of Typological Approach to Parenting

    • Direction of Effect: Child temperament and vulnerabilities can influence parenting styles.
    • Parental Consistency: Parenting doesn't always remain consistent due to various events, circumstances, and moods.
    • Universality: Parenting styles may vary between different SES and cultural groups, and the benefits of authoritative parenting may not be universal.

    Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parenting

    • Cultures have varying definitions of:
      • "Ideal child."
      • Ages at which children should do certain things.
      • "Good parenting."
      • How authority should be implemented.
    • Tiger Parenting (Chua):
      • Highly controlling and authoritarian parenting, assuming the child has significant strength and capacity.
      • Parent's knowledge is believed to be superior, overriding the child's needs.
      • Applying Baumrind's typologies to Chinese families may be problematic, as it doesn't capture the specific types of control and warmth used.
      • Authoritarian parenting in China doesn't necessarily lead to the same negative outcomes as in the US.
      • High demands combined with high warmth can be associated with positive outcomes in some Chinese children.
    • Chinese American Parenting Beliefs:
      • They often attempt to be more flexible to accommodate mainstream cultural values.

    Part 2: Family Structure & Ecology

    • Understanding the context surrounding a child is crucial to comprehend the bidirectional influences within the family.

    Fathering

    • Changing expectations of fathers.
    • Limited attention to fathers in research, often focusing on father absence.
    • Early research relied heavily on mothers' reports about fathers.
    • Over the past 30 years, father involvement has increased:
      • Fathers are now expected to attend antenatal classes and be present at birth.
      • Higher father involvement is associated with better outcomes for children.
    • Involvement around the time of birth:
      • Men exhibit "nest building" behavior before the child's birth.
      • Similar hormone responses in males as females, preparing them for caregiving.
      • Fathers participating in baby-care courses are more likely to be involved later.
      • Men are deeply moved by the childbirth experience.
      • Mothers often report fathers as their main support early on.
    • Father contributions to children:
      • Influence self-regulation and risk-taking development (some gender bias).
      • Father involvement is associated with lower psychopathology in offspring.
      • Father involvement can provide a protective effect when mothers experience postnatal depression.
    • Influence & Competence in Australian Fathers:
      • Report having significant influence over their child's:
        • Self-control and discipline.
        • Attitudes and values.
      • Identify as most important:
        • Being accessible.
        • Guiding their children.
        • Providing income.
        • Providing emotional support.
      • Competence and Commitment:
        • 71% reported feeling very competent as a father.
        • 97% reported having a strong commitment to fatherhood.
    • Barriers to Fatherhood:
      • Work-family challenges, limiting time spent with children.
      • Still a small number of families with reversed gender roles.
      • Societal attitudes can be judgmental towards families with reversed gender roles.
      • Mothers can act as "gatekeepers" in creating a connection between the father and child.
      • Family violence can make the father's presence detrimental to the child's well-being.

    Grandparents

    • Work-family challenges lead to alternative childcare arrangements, often involving grandparents or formal childcare.
    • Cultural variations exist:
      • Some cultures have highly involved grandparents, while others have minimal grandparent involvement.
    • Grandparent involvement generally leads to positive child outcomes.

    Siblings

    • Influence on development:
      • Companionship, comfort, play, and learning opportunities (including conflict resolution).
      • Sibling relationships can fulfill attachment functions in adulthood.
      • Children with siblings may develop theory of mind earlier.
    • Challenges in sibling relationships:
      • Friction, rivalry, jealousy, and conflict.
      • "Black sheep" phenomenon, where one child is scapegoated. This can lead to the scapegoated child developing stronger social connections outside the family.

    Siblings as Tutors

    • Vygotsky's theory of social learning emphasizes the importance of social interaction in learning.
    • Siblings provide valuable learning opportunities.
    • Theory of Mind (ToM) and Social Cognition:
      • Children with siblings often acquire ToM earlier, demonstrating a better understanding of others' thoughts and feelings.
      • They have more practice at conflict resolution.
      • Mutual interest and understanding among siblings fosters greater social experience.

    The "Only Child"

    • Increasing due to delayed childbearing.
    • No evidence supporting the stereotype of "spoiled" only children.
    • No evidence of lasting cognitive or social deficits.
    • However, engaging in activities and building relationships with cousins, neighbors, etc., can provide compensatory opportunities.

    Changing Contexts

    Divorce and Separation

    • A strong association exists between marital conflict and child well-being.
    • Negative impact on children's development.
    • Stress in parental relationships can make parents less agreeable.
    • Processes involved in divorce:
      • Family systems dynamics - triangulation and scapegoating.
      • Stress and coping mechanisms can deplete parenting capacity.
      • Affective spillover - parent's emotional state influencing their interactions with the child.
      • Third variable - problems influencing the marriage can also affect parenting.
    • Divorce and Separation Rates (2017 ABS):
      • Approximately 1/3 of marriages end in divorce, with many couples repartnering.
    • Outcomes for Children:
      • New challenges, but divorce can also lead to opportunities for personal growth.
      • Transitions involving living arrangements and financial stress.
      • Most children experience emotional and behavioral problems in the first year following divorce.
      • Most show improved functioning by two years post-divorce.
      • 20-25% experience serious ongoing problems.
      • Painful memories, sadness, and a greater likelihood of divorce in the future.
      • Problems may resurface and intensify upon parental remarriage and during adolescence.
    • Determinants of Child Adjustment Post-Divorce:
      • Predicted by the quality of the parenting environment.
        • Authoritative parenting style by the primary parent is associated with positive outcomes.
        • "Quality" contact with the non-custodial parent.
        • Cooperative arrangement for shared parenting.
        • Quality of relationships with step-parents is critical.
      • Time of divorce - more challenging for children aged 11-16 years.
    • Methodological Challenges:
      • Separating the contribution of divorce from pre-existing problems that may have led to divorce.
      • Moderators in the Cumulative Risk Model:
        • Most important: custodial parent's mental health and parenting capacity.
        • Absence of dysfunctional family relationships.
        • Child characteristics.

    Shared Parenting

    • Three different types: cooperative, conflicted, and disengaged.

    Final Thoughts on Divorce

    • Separation may be beneficial if it avoids children's exposure to ongoing parental conflict.
    • Divorce creates numerous stressors for children.
    • No evidence suggests that either parent is a superior primary parent.
    • Shared (cooperative) parenting is ideal, but research on the specifics of implementation is mixed.

    Step-Families

    • 13% of Australian families have step-children.
    • Many achieve workable integration.
    • Remarriage can be challenging.
    • Higher divorce rate for remarriages.

    Single Parenting

    • Challenges depend on the specific context.

    Adolescent Parenthood

    • Less common, but it impacts education, employment, and poverty.

    Parenting after ART

    • No evidence that genetic relation determines child outcomes.

    Same-Sex Parenthood

    • Despite stigma, research suggests comparable child development compared to heterosexual parents.

    Adoptive and Foster Parents

    • This group faces unique challenges and complexities in navigating family dynamics and child development.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores key theories about the contexts influencing human development, including the significance of genetics and environment. It examines Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Belsky's determinants of parenting model. Understand how these theories provide insights into the complexity of development across individual and ecological factors.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser