Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key advantage of using questionnaires in surveys?
What is a key advantage of using questionnaires in surveys?
- They eliminate the need for researcher control
- They guarantee in-depth responses
- They can cover a wide geographic area and large numbers (correct)
- They are always cost-effective
Why is it important for researchers to be cautious when developing questionnaires?
Why is it important for researchers to be cautious when developing questionnaires?
- To maintain anonymity in responses
- To avoid bias and ensure respondents understand the questions (correct)
- To ensure they are always cost-effective
- To allow comparability between sub-groups
What type of bias may lead to challenges in using questionnaires for surveys?
What type of bias may lead to challenges in using questionnaires for surveys?
- Non-response bias (correct)
- Confirmation bias
- Selection bias
- Observer bias
Which factor can enhance openness in respondents when using questionnaires?
Which factor can enhance openness in respondents when using questionnaires?
What is a common limitation of questionnaires in surveys?
What is a common limitation of questionnaires in surveys?
Which method can help ensure comparability between different sub-groups or over time when using questionnaires?
Which method can help ensure comparability between different sub-groups or over time when using questionnaires?
What is one method to quantify the characteristics of non-responders to postal surveys?
What is one method to quantify the characteristics of non-responders to postal surveys?
In the survey of community pharmacists, what was the response rate?
In the survey of community pharmacists, what was the response rate?
What characteristic showed bias towards multiples being included in the pharmacy survey?
What characteristic showed bias towards multiples being included in the pharmacy survey?
Which deprivation level showed the highest proportion of responding pharmacies in the survey?
Which deprivation level showed the highest proportion of responding pharmacies in the survey?
What information was missing to determine if the survey was biased in terms of pharmacists' age/gender distribution?
What information was missing to determine if the survey was biased in terms of pharmacists' age/gender distribution?
What was used as a proxy measure to understand the age/gender distribution of pharmacists in the survey?
What was used as a proxy measure to understand the age/gender distribution of pharmacists in the survey?
Which stage of questionnaire development emphasizes the importance of ensuring options are clear and mutually exclusive?
Which stage of questionnaire development emphasizes the importance of ensuring options are clear and mutually exclusive?
What is a common issue to be avoided when designing questionnaires, as mentioned in the text?
What is a common issue to be avoided when designing questionnaires, as mentioned in the text?
Which question design involves diametrically opposed anchor statements and a number of boxes for responses?
Which question design involves diametrically opposed anchor statements and a number of boxes for responses?
What is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions in a survey, according to the text?
What is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions in a survey, according to the text?
Which distribution method for questionnaires is highlighted for having formatting consistency and not requiring internet access?
Which distribution method for questionnaires is highlighted for having formatting consistency and not requiring internet access?
What is the purpose of piloting and testing a questionnaire with a different population than the target group?
What is the purpose of piloting and testing a questionnaire with a different population than the target group?
In questionnaire development, what would be considered primarily when deciding between closed and open questions?
In questionnaire development, what would be considered primarily when deciding between closed and open questions?
What is a common limitation of Likert-type scales, as discussed in the text?
What is a common limitation of Likert-type scales, as discussed in the text?
What method can be used to test the validity of a questionnaire?
What method can be used to test the validity of a questionnaire?
What is one drawback of self-administered questionnaires mentioned in the text?
What is one drawback of self-administered questionnaires mentioned in the text?
Which technique can be used to help develop the content of a questionnaire?
Which technique can be used to help develop the content of a questionnaire?
What is the purpose of including open questions in a questionnaire?
What is the purpose of including open questions in a questionnaire?
In what situation is using two methods preferable according to the text?
In what situation is using two methods preferable according to the text?
What is a key characteristic of the UK Census mentioned in the text?
What is a key characteristic of the UK Census mentioned in the text?
Why is it important to consider similar work done before starting a survey?
Why is it important to consider similar work done before starting a survey?
Which stage involves developing the first draft of a questionnaire based on expert opinion or qualitative results?
Which stage involves developing the first draft of a questionnaire based on expert opinion or qualitative results?
What is included in the aim and objectives definition stage of using a questionnaire?
What is included in the aim and objectives definition stage of using a questionnaire?
What is one important consideration before starting a survey according to the text?
What is one important consideration before starting a survey according to the text?
What is the purpose of cognitive interviewing in survey research?
What is the purpose of cognitive interviewing in survey research?
Which type of validity assesses whether a questionnaire covers the constructs fully and measures what it intends to measure?
Which type of validity assesses whether a questionnaire covers the constructs fully and measures what it intends to measure?
What does inter-rater reliability ensure in survey research?
What does inter-rater reliability ensure in survey research?
How is test-re-test reliability assessed?
How is test-re-test reliability assessed?
Which type of bias in surveys is associated with deficiencies in the survey instrument?
Which type of bias in surveys is associated with deficiencies in the survey instrument?
What is a method to help maximize response rates in surveys?
What is a method to help maximize response rates in surveys?
Why is it important to understand the characteristics of non-responders in a survey?
Why is it important to understand the characteristics of non-responders in a survey?
What is the purpose of including additional questions in a pilot study of a survey questionnaire?
What is the purpose of including additional questions in a pilot study of a survey questionnaire?
Which type of validity determines whether people understand the way a survey instrument has been constructed?
Which type of validity determines whether people understand the way a survey instrument has been constructed?
What does internal reliability assess in a survey instrument?
What does internal reliability assess in a survey instrument?
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Study Notes
Developing and Using Questionnaires
Advantages of Questionnaires
- Easily replicable
- Relatively quick to administer
- Relatively cheap
- Can cover a wide geographic area and large numbers
- Researcher has control over the focus of the questions and the answers
- Anonymity may encourage openness in respondents
- Can be analyzed quantitatively
Disadvantages of Questionnaires
- Very dependent on researcher’s perspectives
- Assumes the respondents understand what the questions mean
- May not be comparable between sub-groups or over time
- Non-responders may differ in their characteristics
- Need to consider relevant characteristics of responders and non-responders
Assessment of Questionnaire Validity and Reliability
Validity
- Face validity: does the instrument cover the constructs fully?
- Content validity: do people understand the instrument and is the content appropriate?
- Criterion-referenced validity: does the instrument measure what it's supposed to measure?
Reliability
- Inter-rater reliability: do users of the instrument administer it in the same way?
- Test-re-test reliability: does the instrument get the same results in the same population?
- Internal reliability: do items in the instrument covering similar constructs give similar results?
Bias in Surveys
Types of Bias
- Sampling bias: inappropriate sampling method
- Exclusion bias: incomplete sampling frame
- Measurement bias: instrument deficiencies
- Non-response bias: people don’t respond
Maximizing Response Rates
- Use multiple distribution methods
- Use multiple contacts and reminders
- Ensure high-quality covering letter and attractive appearance of the questionnaire
- Provide freepost envelopes and incentives
- Add endorsements from funding bodies, local NHS, or professional bodies
Dealing with Non-Responders
- Understand the characteristics of non-responders to quantify bias
- Compare characteristics of responders and non-responders
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