Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the four ecosystem services?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four ecosystem services?
What is the primary focus of cultural safety?
What is the primary focus of cultural safety?
What is the main goal of quality use of medicines?
What is the main goal of quality use of medicines?
Which of the following healthcare services is classified as primary healthcare?
Which of the following healthcare services is classified as primary healthcare?
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What is the purpose of electronic discharge summaries?
What is the purpose of electronic discharge summaries?
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What are the four principles of quality use of medicines?
What are the four principles of quality use of medicines?
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What is the main goal of the SBAR method of communication?
What is the main goal of the SBAR method of communication?
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What is the role of ACSOM?
What is the role of ACSOM?
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What is the purpose of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)?
What is the purpose of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)?
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What is the term for literature that has not been commercially published?
What is the term for literature that has not been commercially published?
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What is an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)?
What is an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)?
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What is the purpose of the AIDET strategy?
What is the purpose of the AIDET strategy?
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What is the main difference between an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)?
What is the main difference between an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)?
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What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?
What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?
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What is the principle of Autonomy in healthcare?
What is the principle of Autonomy in healthcare?
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What parts of the brain control memory and decision making?
What parts of the brain control memory and decision making?
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What is intergenerational trauma an example of?
What is intergenerational trauma an example of?
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What is the main goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
What is the main goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
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What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?
What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?
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Which of the following is NOT a determinant of health?
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of health?
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What is the goal of the 'One Health' approach?
What is the goal of the 'One Health' approach?
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Which of the following is a community-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
Which of the following is a community-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
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What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
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Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?
Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?
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What is the 3rd goal of the Sustainable Development Goals?
What is the 3rd goal of the Sustainable Development Goals?
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Which of the following is an individual-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
Which of the following is an individual-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
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What is the primary category of determinants of health that includes factors such as culture, affluence, and social cohesion?
What is the primary category of determinants of health that includes factors such as culture, affluence, and social cohesion?
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Which Sustainable Development Goal focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages?
Which Sustainable Development Goal focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages?
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What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
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Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that determines health?
Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that determines health?
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What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?
What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?
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Which of the following is an individual-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
Which of the following is an individual-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
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What is the primary focus of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?
What is the primary focus of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?
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Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?
Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?
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What is the main goal of Quality Use of Medicines?
What is the main goal of Quality Use of Medicines?
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What is the role of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)?
What is the role of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)?
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What is the term for a harmful or unpleasant effect arising from the appropriate use of a drug?
What is the term for a harmful or unpleasant effect arising from the appropriate use of a drug?
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What is the purpose of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)?
What is the purpose of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)?
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What is the principle of autonomy in healthcare?
What is the principle of autonomy in healthcare?
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What is the goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
What is the goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
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What is the term for the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
What is the term for the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
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What is the purpose of the Adverse Medicine Event (AME) line?
What is the purpose of the Adverse Medicine Event (AME) line?
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What is the primary focus of cultural awareness in healthcare?
What is the primary focus of cultural awareness in healthcare?
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What is the main goal of the AHPRA's shared code of conduct?
What is the main goal of the AHPRA's shared code of conduct?
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What is the main difference between primary and secondary healthcare services?
What is the main difference between primary and secondary healthcare services?
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What is the purpose of using the SBAR method of communication?
What is the purpose of using the SBAR method of communication?
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What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health?
What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health?
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What is the main goal of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model?
What is the main goal of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model?
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What is the main mechanism by which intergenerational trauma affects generations of people?
What is the main mechanism by which intergenerational trauma affects generations of people?
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What is the main difference between tolerable and toxic stress?
What is the main difference between tolerable and toxic stress?
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What is the main goal of promoting cultural safety in healthcare?
What is the main goal of promoting cultural safety in healthcare?
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What is the main role of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain?
What is the main role of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain?
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Which of the following determines health at the broadest level?
Which of the following determines health at the broadest level?
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What is the primary focus of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?
What is the primary focus of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?
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Which of the following is an example of a physiological factor that determines health?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological factor that determines health?
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What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?
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Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that determines health?
Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that determines health?
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What is the role of the TGA?
What is the role of the TGA?
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Which of the following is a community-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
Which of the following is a community-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?
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Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?
Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?
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What is the primary goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
What is the primary goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
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What is the role of the ACSOM?
What is the role of the ACSOM?
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What is the main difference between an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)?
What is the main difference between an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)?
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What is the principle of Autonomy in healthcare?
What is the principle of Autonomy in healthcare?
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What is the primary goal of Quality Use of Medicines?
What is the primary goal of Quality Use of Medicines?
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What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?
What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?
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What is the purpose of the Adverse Medicine Event (AME) line?
What is the purpose of the Adverse Medicine Event (AME) line?
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What is the term for a harmful or unpleasant effect arising from the appropriate use of a drug?
What is the term for a harmful or unpleasant effect arising from the appropriate use of a drug?
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What is the primary focus of cultural safety in healthcare?
What is the primary focus of cultural safety in healthcare?
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Which of the following healthcare services is classified as tertiary healthcare?
Which of the following healthcare services is classified as tertiary healthcare?
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What is the primary goal of the Shared Code of Conduct by AHPRA?
What is the primary goal of the Shared Code of Conduct by AHPRA?
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What is the main difference between tolerable and toxic stress?
What is the main difference between tolerable and toxic stress?
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What is the main goal of the SBAR method of communication?
What is the main goal of the SBAR method of communication?
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What is the main mechanism by which intergenerational trauma affects generations of people?
What is the main mechanism by which intergenerational trauma affects generations of people?
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What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health?
What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health?
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What is the primary goal of electronic discharge summaries?
What is the primary goal of electronic discharge summaries?
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What is the main goal of the AIDET strategy?
What is the main goal of the AIDET strategy?
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What is the primary focus of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
What is the primary focus of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?
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Study Notes
Determinants of Health
- Broad features of society:
- Culture, affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, political structures, public policy decisions, media, and language
- Environmental factors:
- Natural, built, geographical location, latitude, and remoteness
- Socioeconomic characteristics:
- Food security, education, employment, income, and wealth, family, neighborhood, housing, and access to services
- Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs:
- Health literacy
- Health behaviors:
- Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, diet, exercise, sexual practices, and vaccination
- Physiological factors:
- Stress, trauma
- Safety factors:
- Risk-taking, occupational safety
- Biological factors:
- Birth weight, body weight, immunity, blood pressure, cholesterol
- Individual and psychological makeup:
- Genetics, aging, lifecourse, intergenerational influences, migration, and refugee status
Intervention Strategies for Low Health Literacy
- Community level:
- Enhance service availability in rural areas
- Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity
- Individual level:
- Education to improve health literacy
- Policy level:
- Stabilize employment in fluctuating industries
- Incentivize local food production and consumption
Sustainable Development Goals
- 17 goals:
- No poverty
- Zero hunger
- Good health and wellbeing
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Affordable and clean energy
- Decent work and economic growth
- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production
- Climate action
- Life below water
- Life on land
- Peace, justice, and strong institutions
- Partnerships for the goals
Planetary Health and One Health
- Refers to sustainable development in the context of medicine
Anthropocene
- Period from the Industrial Revolution onwards when human activities caused the Earth system to move out of tolerable ranges
Ecosystem Services
- Four types:
- Food
- Spiritual
- Regulating
- Cultural
Cultural Awareness and Safety
- Cultural awareness is the first step to cultural safety
- Cultural safety is an environment where all people feel safe without denial of their identity
- Especially important in healthcare
- AHPRA definition: Culturally safe health workforce through nationally consistent standards, codes, and guidelines across all practitioner groups within the national scheme
Healthcare Services
- Primary healthcare services:
- Pharmacy
- GP
- Allied health
- Community services
- Secondary healthcare services:
- Specialist care
- Diagnostic services (imaging and pathology)
- Hospital outpatient clinics
- Tertiary healthcare services:
- Advanced medical and surgical procedures
- Specialized hospitals
AHPRA and Shared Code of Conduct
- AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
- Shared code of conduct does not apply to medical, nursing, midwifery, and psychology
- Principles of the shared code of conduct:
- Put patients first – safe, effective, and collaborative practice
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and cultural safety
- Respectful and culturally safe practice for all
- Working with patients
- Working with other practitioners
- Working within the healthcare system
- Minimizing risk to patients
- Professional behavior
- Maintaining practitioner health and wellbeing
- Teaching, supervising, and assessing
- Ethical research
Grey Literature
- Literature that has been published informally, non-commercially, or has not been published
Electronic Discharge Summaries
- Used to make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport healthcare information effectively
Communication Strategies
- SBAR: Structured method for communicating healthcare information between clinicians
- Situation
- Background
- Assessment
- Recommendation
- AIDET: Communication strategy for health professionals to patients
- Acknowledge
- Introduce
- Duration
- Explanation
- Thank
- ASK: Patient resource to encourage shared decision making
- Ask
- Share
- Know
- SPIKES: Method to break bad news
- Set up interview
- Patient perception
- Invite to meeting
- Knowledge to patient
- Address patient emotions empathetically
- Strategy and summarise
Stress and Brain Function
- The brain prioritizes stress over pleasure
- Three types of stress:
- Positive (e.g., first day of school)
- Tolerable (e.g., death, broken bone)
- Toxic (e.g., abuse, violence)
- ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) lead to worse outcomes as an adult
- Higher risk factor for depression
- Lower health (COPD, diabetes, heart conditions)
- Worse health behaviors (alcohol, drugs)
- Life potential (education, employment options)
- ACEs during 0-3 and 10-14 years are particularly bad due to high neuroplasticity
- Brain rewiring can be done through consistency rather than intensity
Memory and Decision Making
- Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus control memory and decision making
Intergenerational Trauma
- Can affect DNA and thus affect generations of people
- Seen in Indigenous Australians
- Due to epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity
Sugar Overconsumption
- Can damage the brain and is like an addiction
General Adaptation Syndrome
- Three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
- Alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)
- Resistance phase
- Exhaustion
Quality Use of Medicines
- Best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians
- 4 principles:
- Safety
- Efficacy
- Judicious
- Appropriate
Medicines and Therapeutic Goods
- ARTG: Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
- TGA: Therapeutic Goods Administration
- ACSOM: TGA's Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicines
- Provides advice on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects (pharmacovigilance)
Adverse Events and Reactions
- AME line: Adverse Medicine Event line for patients to call
- SUSMP: Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
- Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug
- Adverse Drug Event (ADE): Any untoward event associated with drug use, where the drug is not the established cause
Ethics and Principles
- Consequentialism: The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences
- Autonomy: Allow the patient to make their own decisions
- Beneficence: Do the most amount of good for a patient
- Confidentiality: Not divulging patient information
- Equity vs Equality: Equity is providing everyone the resources they need to achieve equality
- Fidelity: Follow codes of conduct and uphold your duty of care
- Justice: Follow the law and registrations
- Non-maleficence: Do no harm
- Veracity: Telling the truth
- Informed consent: Ensuring the patient is fully informed and understands the decisions related to their health
Determinants of Health
- Broad features of society:
- Culture, affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, political structures, public policy decisions, media, and language
- Environmental factors:
- Natural, built, geographical location, latitude, and remoteness
- Socioeconomic characteristics:
- Food security, education, employment, income, and wealth, family, neighborhood, housing, and access to services
- Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs:
- Health literacy
- Health behaviors:
- Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, diet, exercise, sexual practices, and vaccination
- Physiological factors:
- Stress, trauma
- Safety factors:
- Risk-taking, occupational safety
- Biological factors:
- Birth weight, body weight, immunity, blood pressure, cholesterol
- Individual and psychological makeup:
- Genetics, aging, lifecourse, intergenerational influences, migration, and refugee status
Intervention Strategies for Low Health Literacy
- Community level:
- Enhance service availability in rural areas
- Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity
- Individual level:
- Education to improve health literacy
- Policy level:
- Stabilize employment in fluctuating industries
- Incentivize local food production and consumption
Sustainable Development Goals
- 17 goals:
- No poverty
- Zero hunger
- Good health and wellbeing
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Affordable and clean energy
- Decent work and economic growth
- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production
- Climate action
- Life below water
- Life on land
- Peace, justice, and strong institutions
- Partnerships for the goals
Planetary Health and One Health
- Refers to sustainable development in the context of medicine
Anthropocene
- Period from the Industrial Revolution onwards when human activities caused the Earth system to move out of tolerable ranges
Ecosystem Services
- Four types:
- Food
- Spiritual
- Regulating
- Cultural
Cultural Awareness and Safety
- Cultural awareness is the first step to cultural safety
- Cultural safety is an environment where all people feel safe without denial of their identity
- Especially important in healthcare
- AHPRA definition: Culturally safe health workforce through nationally consistent standards, codes, and guidelines across all practitioner groups within the national scheme
Healthcare Services
- Primary healthcare services:
- Pharmacy
- GP
- Allied health
- Community services
- Secondary healthcare services:
- Specialist care
- Diagnostic services (imaging and pathology)
- Hospital outpatient clinics
- Tertiary healthcare services:
- Advanced medical and surgical procedures
- Specialized hospitals
AHPRA and Shared Code of Conduct
- AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
- Shared code of conduct does not apply to medical, nursing, midwifery, and psychology
- Principles of the shared code of conduct:
- Put patients first – safe, effective, and collaborative practice
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and cultural safety
- Respectful and culturally safe practice for all
- Working with patients
- Working with other practitioners
- Working within the healthcare system
- Minimizing risk to patients
- Professional behavior
- Maintaining practitioner health and wellbeing
- Teaching, supervising, and assessing
- Ethical research
Grey Literature
- Literature that has been published informally, non-commercially, or has not been published
Electronic Discharge Summaries
- Used to make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport healthcare information effectively
Communication Strategies
- SBAR: Structured method for communicating healthcare information between clinicians
- Situation
- Background
- Assessment
- Recommendation
- AIDET: Communication strategy for health professionals to patients
- Acknowledge
- Introduce
- Duration
- Explanation
- Thank
- ASK: Patient resource to encourage shared decision making
- Ask
- Share
- Know
- SPIKES: Method to break bad news
- Set up interview
- Patient perception
- Invite to meeting
- Knowledge to patient
- Address patient emotions empathetically
- Strategy and summarise
Stress and Brain Function
- The brain prioritizes stress over pleasure
- Three types of stress:
- Positive (e.g., first day of school)
- Tolerable (e.g., death, broken bone)
- Toxic (e.g., abuse, violence)
- ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) lead to worse outcomes as an adult
- Higher risk factor for depression
- Lower health (COPD, diabetes, heart conditions)
- Worse health behaviors (alcohol, drugs)
- Life potential (education, employment options)
- ACEs during 0-3 and 10-14 years are particularly bad due to high neuroplasticity
- Brain rewiring can be done through consistency rather than intensity
Memory and Decision Making
- Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus control memory and decision making
Intergenerational Trauma
- Can affect DNA and thus affect generations of people
- Seen in Indigenous Australians
- Due to epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity
Sugar Overconsumption
- Can damage the brain and is like an addiction
General Adaptation Syndrome
- Three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
- Alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)
- Resistance phase
- Exhaustion
Quality Use of Medicines
- Best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians
- 4 principles:
- Safety
- Efficacy
- Judicious
- Appropriate
Medicines and Therapeutic Goods
- ARTG: Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
- TGA: Therapeutic Goods Administration
- ACSOM: TGA's Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicines
- Provides advice on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects (pharmacovigilance)
Adverse Events and Reactions
- AME line: Adverse Medicine Event line for patients to call
- SUSMP: Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
- Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug
- Adverse Drug Event (ADE): Any untoward event associated with drug use, where the drug is not the established cause
Ethics and Principles
- Consequentialism: The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences
- Autonomy: Allow the patient to make their own decisions
- Beneficence: Do the most amount of good for a patient
- Confidentiality: Not divulging patient information
- Equity vs Equality: Equity is providing everyone the resources they need to achieve equality
- Fidelity: Follow codes of conduct and uphold your duty of care
- Justice: Follow the law and registrations
- Non-maleficence: Do no harm
- Veracity: Telling the truth
- Informed consent: Ensuring the patient is fully informed and understands the decisions related to their health
Determinants of Health
- Broad features of society:
- Culture, affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, political structures, public policy decisions, media, and language
- Environmental factors:
- Natural, built, geographical location, latitude, and remoteness
- Socioeconomic characteristics:
- Food security, education, employment, income, and wealth, family, neighborhood, housing, and access to services
- Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs:
- Health literacy
- Health behaviors:
- Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, diet, exercise, sexual practices, and vaccination
- Physiological factors:
- Stress, trauma
- Safety factors:
- Risk-taking, occupational safety
- Biological factors:
- Birth weight, body weight, immunity, blood pressure, cholesterol
- Individual and psychological makeup:
- Genetics, aging, lifecourse, intergenerational influences, migration, and refugee status
Intervention Strategies for Low Health Literacy
- Community level:
- Enhance service availability in rural areas
- Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity
- Individual level:
- Education to improve health literacy
- Policy level:
- Stabilize employment in fluctuating industries
- Incentivize local food production and consumption
Sustainable Development Goals
- 17 goals:
- No poverty
- Zero hunger
- Good health and wellbeing
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Affordable and clean energy
- Decent work and economic growth
- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production
- Climate action
- Life below water
- Life on land
- Peace, justice, and strong institutions
- Partnerships for the goals
Planetary Health and One Health
- Refers to sustainable development in the context of medicine
Anthropocene
- Period from the Industrial Revolution onwards when human activities caused the Earth system to move out of tolerable ranges
Ecosystem Services
- Four types:
- Food
- Spiritual
- Regulating
- Cultural
Cultural Awareness and Safety
- Cultural awareness is the first step to cultural safety
- Cultural safety is an environment where all people feel safe without denial of their identity
- Especially important in healthcare
- AHPRA definition: Culturally safe health workforce through nationally consistent standards, codes, and guidelines across all practitioner groups within the national scheme
Healthcare Services
- Primary healthcare services:
- Pharmacy
- GP
- Allied health
- Community services
- Secondary healthcare services:
- Specialist care
- Diagnostic services (imaging and pathology)
- Hospital outpatient clinics
- Tertiary healthcare services:
- Advanced medical and surgical procedures
- Specialized hospitals
AHPRA and Shared Code of Conduct
- AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
- Shared code of conduct does not apply to medical, nursing, midwifery, and psychology
- Principles of the shared code of conduct:
- Put patients first – safe, effective, and collaborative practice
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and cultural safety
- Respectful and culturally safe practice for all
- Working with patients
- Working with other practitioners
- Working within the healthcare system
- Minimizing risk to patients
- Professional behavior
- Maintaining practitioner health and wellbeing
- Teaching, supervising, and assessing
- Ethical research
Grey Literature
- Literature that has been published informally, non-commercially, or has not been published
Electronic Discharge Summaries
- Used to make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport healthcare information effectively
Communication Strategies
- SBAR: Structured method for communicating healthcare information between clinicians
- Situation
- Background
- Assessment
- Recommendation
- AIDET: Communication strategy for health professionals to patients
- Acknowledge
- Introduce
- Duration
- Explanation
- Thank
- ASK: Patient resource to encourage shared decision making
- Ask
- Share
- Know
- SPIKES: Method to break bad news
- Set up interview
- Patient perception
- Invite to meeting
- Knowledge to patient
- Address patient emotions empathetically
- Strategy and summarise
Stress and Brain Function
- The brain prioritizes stress over pleasure
- Three types of stress:
- Positive (e.g., first day of school)
- Tolerable (e.g., death, broken bone)
- Toxic (e.g., abuse, violence)
- ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) lead to worse outcomes as an adult
- Higher risk factor for depression
- Lower health (COPD, diabetes, heart conditions)
- Worse health behaviors (alcohol, drugs)
- Life potential (education, employment options)
- ACEs during 0-3 and 10-14 years are particularly bad due to high neuroplasticity
- Brain rewiring can be done through consistency rather than intensity
Memory and Decision Making
- Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus control memory and decision making
Intergenerational Trauma
- Can affect DNA and thus affect generations of people
- Seen in Indigenous Australians
- Due to epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity
Sugar Overconsumption
- Can damage the brain and is like an addiction
General Adaptation Syndrome
- Three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
- Alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)
- Resistance phase
- Exhaustion
Quality Use of Medicines
- Best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians
- 4 principles:
- Safety
- Efficacy
- Judicious
- Appropriate
Medicines and Therapeutic Goods
- ARTG: Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
- TGA: Therapeutic Goods Administration
- ACSOM: TGA's Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicines
- Provides advice on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects (pharmacovigilance)
Adverse Events and Reactions
- AME line: Adverse Medicine Event line for patients to call
- SUSMP: Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
- Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug
- Adverse Drug Event (ADE): Any untoward event associated with drug use, where the drug is not the established cause
Ethics and Principles
- Consequentialism: The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences
- Autonomy: Allow the patient to make their own decisions
- Beneficence: Do the most amount of good for a patient
- Confidentiality: Not divulging patient information
- Equity vs Equality: Equity is providing everyone the resources they need to achieve equality
- Fidelity: Follow codes of conduct and uphold your duty of care
- Justice: Follow the law and registrations
- Non-maleficence: Do no harm
- Veracity: Telling the truth
- Informed consent: Ensuring the patient is fully informed and understands the decisions related to their health
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz covers the various factors that influence health, including social, environmental, socioeconomic, and behavioral determinants. Learn about the broad features of society, environmental factors, socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that affect health.
