Determinants of Health
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four ecosystem services?

  • Cultural
  • Recreational (correct)
  • Food
  • Regulating

    • What is the primary focus of cultural safety?

  • Creating an environment safe for all people, without denial of their identity (correct)
  • Cultural competence
  • Cultural sensitivity
  • Cultural awareness

    • What is the main goal of quality use of medicines?

  • To promote the use of generic medicines
  • To increase the availability of medicines
  • To improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians (correct)
  • To reduce the cost of medicines

    • Which of the following healthcare services is classified as primary healthcare?

    <p>Pharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electronic discharge summaries?

    <p>To make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport information effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four principles of quality use of medicines?

    <p>Safety, Efficacy, Judicious, and Appropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the SBAR method of communication?

    <p>To provide structured communication between clinicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ACSOM?

    <p>To provide advice on the safety of medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)?

    <p>To register therapeutic goods for use in Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for literature that has not been commercially published?

    <p>Grey literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)?

    <p>A harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the AIDET strategy?

    <p>To communicate with patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)?

    <p>An ADR is a harmful effect, while an ADE is an untoward event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?

    <p>Increased risk of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of Autonomy in healthcare?

    <p>To allow the patient to make their own decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parts of the brain control memory and decision making?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intergenerational trauma an example of?

    <p>Epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?

    <p>To improve the quality of healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?

    <p>One Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a determinant of health?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the 'One Health' approach?

    <p>To promote sustainable development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a community-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?

    <p>Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?

    <p>The Anthropocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?

    <p>Body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 3rd goal of the Sustainable Development Goals?

    <p>Good health and wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an individual-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?

    <p>Education to improve health literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary category of determinants of health that includes factors such as culture, affluence, and social cohesion?

    <p>Broad features of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sustainable Development Goal focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages?

    <p>Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?

    <p>Anthropocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that determines health?

    <p>Geographical location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?

    <p>One Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an individual-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?

    <p>Education to improve health literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?

    <p>Environmental conservation and sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?

    <p>Body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Quality Use of Medicines?

    <p>To improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)?

    <p>To regulate the use of medicines in Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a harmful or unpleasant effect arising from the appropriate use of a drug?

    <p>Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)?

    <p>To register and list therapeutic goods for use in Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of autonomy in healthcare?

    <p>Respecting patients' decisions and involving them in their care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?

    <p>To provide a nationally consistent statement of the level of care consumers can expect from health service organisations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?

    <p>Anthropocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Adverse Medicine Event (AME) line?

    <p>To report adverse events related to medicines and vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cultural awareness in healthcare?

    <p>To provide culturally safe healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the AHPRA's shared code of conduct?

    <p>To ensure safe and effective healthcare practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between primary and secondary healthcare services?

    <p>Primary healthcare services are provided in community settings, while secondary healthcare services are provided in hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the SBAR method of communication?

    <p>To provide a structured approach to communicating healthcare information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health?

    <p>ACEs increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model?

    <p>To describe the physiological changes that occur in response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which intergenerational trauma affects generations of people?

    <p>Through changes in DNA expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between tolerable and toxic stress?

    <p>Tolerable stress is manageable, while toxic stress is overwhelming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of promoting cultural safety in healthcare?

    <p>To reduce healthcare disparities and improve health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain?

    <p>To regulate memory and decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following determines health at the broadest level?

    <p>Broad features of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?

    <p>Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physiological factor that determines health?

    <p>Body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the period from the industrial revolution onwards when human activities caused the earth system to move out of tolerable ranges?

    <p>Anthropocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that determines health?

    <p>Latitude and remoteness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TGA?

    <p>To regulate the use of medicines in Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a community-level intervention strategy for low health literacy?

    <p>Developing recreational facilities to encourage physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a biological factor that determines health?

    <p>Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?

    <p>To provide a nationally consistent statement of the level of care consumers can expect from health service organisations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ACSOM?

    <p>To advise on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)?

    <p>An ADR is a harmful effect, while an ADE is an untoward event associated with drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of Autonomy in healthcare?

    <p>To allow patients to make their own decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Quality Use of Medicines?

    <p>To improve health outcomes for all Australians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used in medicine to refer to sustainable development?

    <p>Planetary Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Adverse Medicine Event (AME) line?

    <p>To report adverse drug reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a harmful or unpleasant effect arising from the appropriate use of a drug?

    <p>Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cultural safety in healthcare?

    <p>Creating a safe environment for all patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following healthcare services is classified as tertiary healthcare?

    <p>Advanced medical and surgical procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Shared Code of Conduct by AHPRA?

    <p>To regulate the healthcare workforce through nationally consistent standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between tolerable and toxic stress?

    <p>Tolerable stress has no negative effects, while toxic stress has negative effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the SBAR method of communication?

    <p>To improve communication between healthcare professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which intergenerational trauma affects generations of people?

    <p>Epigenetics and neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health?

    <p>Higher risk factor for depression and heart conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of electronic discharge summaries?

    <p>To make healthcare information easier to find, communicate, store, and transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the AIDET strategy?

    <p>To improve communication between healthcare professionals and patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards?

    <p>To ensure patient safety and quality of healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Determinants of Health

    • Broad features of society:
      • Culture, affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, political structures, public policy decisions, media, and language
    • Environmental factors:
      • Natural, built, geographical location, latitude, and remoteness
    • Socioeconomic characteristics:
      • Food security, education, employment, income, and wealth, family, neighborhood, housing, and access to services
    • Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs:
      • Health literacy
    • Health behaviors:
      • Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, diet, exercise, sexual practices, and vaccination
    • Physiological factors:
      • Stress, trauma
    • Safety factors:
      • Risk-taking, occupational safety
    • Biological factors:
      • Birth weight, body weight, immunity, blood pressure, cholesterol
    • Individual and psychological makeup:
      • Genetics, aging, lifecourse, intergenerational influences, migration, and refugee status

    Intervention Strategies for Low Health Literacy

    • Community level:
      • Enhance service availability in rural areas
      • Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity
    • Individual level:
      • Education to improve health literacy
    • Policy level:
      • Stabilize employment in fluctuating industries
      • Incentivize local food production and consumption

    Sustainable Development Goals

    • 17 goals:
      • No poverty
      • Zero hunger
      • Good health and wellbeing
      • Quality education
      • Gender equality
      • Clean water and sanitation
      • Affordable and clean energy
      • Decent work and economic growth
      • Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
      • Reduced inequalities
      • Sustainable cities and communities
      • Responsible consumption and production
      • Climate action
      • Life below water
      • Life on land
      • Peace, justice, and strong institutions
      • Partnerships for the goals

    Planetary Health and One Health

    • Refers to sustainable development in the context of medicine

    Anthropocene

    • Period from the Industrial Revolution onwards when human activities caused the Earth system to move out of tolerable ranges

    Ecosystem Services

    • Four types:
      • Food
      • Spiritual
      • Regulating
      • Cultural

    Cultural Awareness and Safety

    • Cultural awareness is the first step to cultural safety
    • Cultural safety is an environment where all people feel safe without denial of their identity
    • Especially important in healthcare
    • AHPRA definition: Culturally safe health workforce through nationally consistent standards, codes, and guidelines across all practitioner groups within the national scheme

    Healthcare Services

    • Primary healthcare services:
      • Pharmacy
      • GP
      • Allied health
      • Community services
    • Secondary healthcare services:
      • Specialist care
      • Diagnostic services (imaging and pathology)
      • Hospital outpatient clinics
    • Tertiary healthcare services:
      • Advanced medical and surgical procedures
      • Specialized hospitals

    AHPRA and Shared Code of Conduct

    • AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
    • Shared code of conduct does not apply to medical, nursing, midwifery, and psychology
    • Principles of the shared code of conduct:
      • Put patients first – safe, effective, and collaborative practice
      • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and cultural safety
      • Respectful and culturally safe practice for all
      • Working with patients
      • Working with other practitioners
      • Working within the healthcare system
      • Minimizing risk to patients
      • Professional behavior
      • Maintaining practitioner health and wellbeing
      • Teaching, supervising, and assessing
      • Ethical research

    Grey Literature

    • Literature that has been published informally, non-commercially, or has not been published

    Electronic Discharge Summaries

    • Used to make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport healthcare information effectively

    Communication Strategies

    • SBAR: Structured method for communicating healthcare information between clinicians
      • Situation
      • Background
      • Assessment
      • Recommendation
    • AIDET: Communication strategy for health professionals to patients
      • Acknowledge
      • Introduce
      • Duration
      • Explanation
      • Thank
    • ASK: Patient resource to encourage shared decision making
      • Ask
      • Share
      • Know
    • SPIKES: Method to break bad news
      • Set up interview
      • Patient perception
      • Invite to meeting
      • Knowledge to patient
      • Address patient emotions empathetically
      • Strategy and summarise

    Stress and Brain Function

    • The brain prioritizes stress over pleasure
    • Three types of stress:
      • Positive (e.g., first day of school)
      • Tolerable (e.g., death, broken bone)
      • Toxic (e.g., abuse, violence)
    • ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) lead to worse outcomes as an adult
      • Higher risk factor for depression
      • Lower health (COPD, diabetes, heart conditions)
      • Worse health behaviors (alcohol, drugs)
      • Life potential (education, employment options)
    • ACEs during 0-3 and 10-14 years are particularly bad due to high neuroplasticity
    • Brain rewiring can be done through consistency rather than intensity

    Memory and Decision Making

    • Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus control memory and decision making

    Intergenerational Trauma

    • Can affect DNA and thus affect generations of people
    • Seen in Indigenous Australians
    • Due to epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity

    Sugar Overconsumption

    • Can damage the brain and is like an addiction

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • Three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
      • Alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)
      • Resistance phase
      • Exhaustion

    Quality Use of Medicines

    • Best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians
    • 4 principles:
      • Safety
      • Efficacy
      • Judicious
      • Appropriate

    Medicines and Therapeutic Goods

    • ARTG: Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
    • TGA: Therapeutic Goods Administration
    • ACSOM: TGA's Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicines
    • Provides advice on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects (pharmacovigilance)

    Adverse Events and Reactions

    • AME line: Adverse Medicine Event line for patients to call
    • SUSMP: Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
    • Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug
    • Adverse Drug Event (ADE): Any untoward event associated with drug use, where the drug is not the established cause

    Ethics and Principles

    • Consequentialism: The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences
    • Autonomy: Allow the patient to make their own decisions
    • Beneficence: Do the most amount of good for a patient
    • Confidentiality: Not divulging patient information
    • Equity vs Equality: Equity is providing everyone the resources they need to achieve equality
    • Fidelity: Follow codes of conduct and uphold your duty of care
    • Justice: Follow the law and registrations
    • Non-maleficence: Do no harm
    • Veracity: Telling the truth
    • Informed consent: Ensuring the patient is fully informed and understands the decisions related to their health

    Determinants of Health

    • Broad features of society:
      • Culture, affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, political structures, public policy decisions, media, and language
    • Environmental factors:
      • Natural, built, geographical location, latitude, and remoteness
    • Socioeconomic characteristics:
      • Food security, education, employment, income, and wealth, family, neighborhood, housing, and access to services
    • Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs:
      • Health literacy
    • Health behaviors:
      • Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, diet, exercise, sexual practices, and vaccination
    • Physiological factors:
      • Stress, trauma
    • Safety factors:
      • Risk-taking, occupational safety
    • Biological factors:
      • Birth weight, body weight, immunity, blood pressure, cholesterol
    • Individual and psychological makeup:
      • Genetics, aging, lifecourse, intergenerational influences, migration, and refugee status

    Intervention Strategies for Low Health Literacy

    • Community level:
      • Enhance service availability in rural areas
      • Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity
    • Individual level:
      • Education to improve health literacy
    • Policy level:
      • Stabilize employment in fluctuating industries
      • Incentivize local food production and consumption

    Sustainable Development Goals

    • 17 goals:
      • No poverty
      • Zero hunger
      • Good health and wellbeing
      • Quality education
      • Gender equality
      • Clean water and sanitation
      • Affordable and clean energy
      • Decent work and economic growth
      • Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
      • Reduced inequalities
      • Sustainable cities and communities
      • Responsible consumption and production
      • Climate action
      • Life below water
      • Life on land
      • Peace, justice, and strong institutions
      • Partnerships for the goals

    Planetary Health and One Health

    • Refers to sustainable development in the context of medicine

    Anthropocene

    • Period from the Industrial Revolution onwards when human activities caused the Earth system to move out of tolerable ranges

    Ecosystem Services

    • Four types:
      • Food
      • Spiritual
      • Regulating
      • Cultural

    Cultural Awareness and Safety

    • Cultural awareness is the first step to cultural safety
    • Cultural safety is an environment where all people feel safe without denial of their identity
    • Especially important in healthcare
    • AHPRA definition: Culturally safe health workforce through nationally consistent standards, codes, and guidelines across all practitioner groups within the national scheme

    Healthcare Services

    • Primary healthcare services:
      • Pharmacy
      • GP
      • Allied health
      • Community services
    • Secondary healthcare services:
      • Specialist care
      • Diagnostic services (imaging and pathology)
      • Hospital outpatient clinics
    • Tertiary healthcare services:
      • Advanced medical and surgical procedures
      • Specialized hospitals

    AHPRA and Shared Code of Conduct

    • AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
    • Shared code of conduct does not apply to medical, nursing, midwifery, and psychology
    • Principles of the shared code of conduct:
      • Put patients first – safe, effective, and collaborative practice
      • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and cultural safety
      • Respectful and culturally safe practice for all
      • Working with patients
      • Working with other practitioners
      • Working within the healthcare system
      • Minimizing risk to patients
      • Professional behavior
      • Maintaining practitioner health and wellbeing
      • Teaching, supervising, and assessing
      • Ethical research

    Grey Literature

    • Literature that has been published informally, non-commercially, or has not been published

    Electronic Discharge Summaries

    • Used to make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport healthcare information effectively

    Communication Strategies

    • SBAR: Structured method for communicating healthcare information between clinicians
      • Situation
      • Background
      • Assessment
      • Recommendation
    • AIDET: Communication strategy for health professionals to patients
      • Acknowledge
      • Introduce
      • Duration
      • Explanation
      • Thank
    • ASK: Patient resource to encourage shared decision making
      • Ask
      • Share
      • Know
    • SPIKES: Method to break bad news
      • Set up interview
      • Patient perception
      • Invite to meeting
      • Knowledge to patient
      • Address patient emotions empathetically
      • Strategy and summarise

    Stress and Brain Function

    • The brain prioritizes stress over pleasure
    • Three types of stress:
      • Positive (e.g., first day of school)
      • Tolerable (e.g., death, broken bone)
      • Toxic (e.g., abuse, violence)
    • ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) lead to worse outcomes as an adult
      • Higher risk factor for depression
      • Lower health (COPD, diabetes, heart conditions)
      • Worse health behaviors (alcohol, drugs)
      • Life potential (education, employment options)
    • ACEs during 0-3 and 10-14 years are particularly bad due to high neuroplasticity
    • Brain rewiring can be done through consistency rather than intensity

    Memory and Decision Making

    • Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus control memory and decision making

    Intergenerational Trauma

    • Can affect DNA and thus affect generations of people
    • Seen in Indigenous Australians
    • Due to epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity

    Sugar Overconsumption

    • Can damage the brain and is like an addiction

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • Three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
      • Alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)
      • Resistance phase
      • Exhaustion

    Quality Use of Medicines

    • Best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians
    • 4 principles:
      • Safety
      • Efficacy
      • Judicious
      • Appropriate

    Medicines and Therapeutic Goods

    • ARTG: Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
    • TGA: Therapeutic Goods Administration
    • ACSOM: TGA's Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicines
    • Provides advice on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects (pharmacovigilance)

    Adverse Events and Reactions

    • AME line: Adverse Medicine Event line for patients to call
    • SUSMP: Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
    • Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug
    • Adverse Drug Event (ADE): Any untoward event associated with drug use, where the drug is not the established cause

    Ethics and Principles

    • Consequentialism: The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences
    • Autonomy: Allow the patient to make their own decisions
    • Beneficence: Do the most amount of good for a patient
    • Confidentiality: Not divulging patient information
    • Equity vs Equality: Equity is providing everyone the resources they need to achieve equality
    • Fidelity: Follow codes of conduct and uphold your duty of care
    • Justice: Follow the law and registrations
    • Non-maleficence: Do no harm
    • Veracity: Telling the truth
    • Informed consent: Ensuring the patient is fully informed and understands the decisions related to their health

    Determinants of Health

    • Broad features of society:
      • Culture, affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, political structures, public policy decisions, media, and language
    • Environmental factors:
      • Natural, built, geographical location, latitude, and remoteness
    • Socioeconomic characteristics:
      • Food security, education, employment, income, and wealth, family, neighborhood, housing, and access to services
    • Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs:
      • Health literacy
    • Health behaviors:
      • Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, diet, exercise, sexual practices, and vaccination
    • Physiological factors:
      • Stress, trauma
    • Safety factors:
      • Risk-taking, occupational safety
    • Biological factors:
      • Birth weight, body weight, immunity, blood pressure, cholesterol
    • Individual and psychological makeup:
      • Genetics, aging, lifecourse, intergenerational influences, migration, and refugee status

    Intervention Strategies for Low Health Literacy

    • Community level:
      • Enhance service availability in rural areas
      • Develop recreational facilities to encourage physical activity
    • Individual level:
      • Education to improve health literacy
    • Policy level:
      • Stabilize employment in fluctuating industries
      • Incentivize local food production and consumption

    Sustainable Development Goals

    • 17 goals:
      • No poverty
      • Zero hunger
      • Good health and wellbeing
      • Quality education
      • Gender equality
      • Clean water and sanitation
      • Affordable and clean energy
      • Decent work and economic growth
      • Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
      • Reduced inequalities
      • Sustainable cities and communities
      • Responsible consumption and production
      • Climate action
      • Life below water
      • Life on land
      • Peace, justice, and strong institutions
      • Partnerships for the goals

    Planetary Health and One Health

    • Refers to sustainable development in the context of medicine

    Anthropocene

    • Period from the Industrial Revolution onwards when human activities caused the Earth system to move out of tolerable ranges

    Ecosystem Services

    • Four types:
      • Food
      • Spiritual
      • Regulating
      • Cultural

    Cultural Awareness and Safety

    • Cultural awareness is the first step to cultural safety
    • Cultural safety is an environment where all people feel safe without denial of their identity
    • Especially important in healthcare
    • AHPRA definition: Culturally safe health workforce through nationally consistent standards, codes, and guidelines across all practitioner groups within the national scheme

    Healthcare Services

    • Primary healthcare services:
      • Pharmacy
      • GP
      • Allied health
      • Community services
    • Secondary healthcare services:
      • Specialist care
      • Diagnostic services (imaging and pathology)
      • Hospital outpatient clinics
    • Tertiary healthcare services:
      • Advanced medical and surgical procedures
      • Specialized hospitals

    AHPRA and Shared Code of Conduct

    • AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
    • Shared code of conduct does not apply to medical, nursing, midwifery, and psychology
    • Principles of the shared code of conduct:
      • Put patients first – safe, effective, and collaborative practice
      • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and cultural safety
      • Respectful and culturally safe practice for all
      • Working with patients
      • Working with other practitioners
      • Working within the healthcare system
      • Minimizing risk to patients
      • Professional behavior
      • Maintaining practitioner health and wellbeing
      • Teaching, supervising, and assessing
      • Ethical research

    Grey Literature

    • Literature that has been published informally, non-commercially, or has not been published

    Electronic Discharge Summaries

    • Used to make it easier to find, communicate, store, and transport healthcare information effectively

    Communication Strategies

    • SBAR: Structured method for communicating healthcare information between clinicians
      • Situation
      • Background
      • Assessment
      • Recommendation
    • AIDET: Communication strategy for health professionals to patients
      • Acknowledge
      • Introduce
      • Duration
      • Explanation
      • Thank
    • ASK: Patient resource to encourage shared decision making
      • Ask
      • Share
      • Know
    • SPIKES: Method to break bad news
      • Set up interview
      • Patient perception
      • Invite to meeting
      • Knowledge to patient
      • Address patient emotions empathetically
      • Strategy and summarise

    Stress and Brain Function

    • The brain prioritizes stress over pleasure
    • Three types of stress:
      • Positive (e.g., first day of school)
      • Tolerable (e.g., death, broken bone)
      • Toxic (e.g., abuse, violence)
    • ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) lead to worse outcomes as an adult
      • Higher risk factor for depression
      • Lower health (COPD, diabetes, heart conditions)
      • Worse health behaviors (alcohol, drugs)
      • Life potential (education, employment options)
    • ACEs during 0-3 and 10-14 years are particularly bad due to high neuroplasticity
    • Brain rewiring can be done through consistency rather than intensity

    Memory and Decision Making

    • Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus control memory and decision making

    Intergenerational Trauma

    • Can affect DNA and thus affect generations of people
    • Seen in Indigenous Australians
    • Due to epigenetics, ACE, and neuroplasticity

    Sugar Overconsumption

    • Can damage the brain and is like an addiction

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • Three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
      • Alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)
      • Resistance phase
      • Exhaustion

    Quality Use of Medicines

    • Best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all Australians
    • 4 principles:
      • Safety
      • Efficacy
      • Judicious
      • Appropriate

    Medicines and Therapeutic Goods

    • ARTG: Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
    • TGA: Therapeutic Goods Administration
    • ACSOM: TGA's Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicines
    • Provides advice on matters related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects (pharmacovigilance)

    Adverse Events and Reactions

    • AME line: Adverse Medicine Event line for patients to call
    • SUSMP: Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
    • Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Harmful or unpleasant effect arising from appropriate use of a drug
    • Adverse Drug Event (ADE): Any untoward event associated with drug use, where the drug is not the established cause

    Ethics and Principles

    • Consequentialism: The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences
    • Autonomy: Allow the patient to make their own decisions
    • Beneficence: Do the most amount of good for a patient
    • Confidentiality: Not divulging patient information
    • Equity vs Equality: Equity is providing everyone the resources they need to achieve equality
    • Fidelity: Follow codes of conduct and uphold your duty of care
    • Justice: Follow the law and registrations
    • Non-maleficence: Do no harm
    • Veracity: Telling the truth
    • Informed consent: Ensuring the patient is fully informed and understands the decisions related to their health

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    Description

    This quiz covers the various factors that influence health, including social, environmental, socioeconomic, and behavioral determinants. Learn about the broad features of society, environmental factors, socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that affect health.

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