Desk-Based Research Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of an umbrella review?

  • To analyze individual participant data from multiple studies.
  • To quickly search for top articles related to a specific topic.
  • To combine different types of research methodologies into one analysis.
  • To consolidate multiple review summaries into one report. (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the focus of realist reviews?

  • Identifying the frequency of outcomes across multiple settings.
  • Summarizing statistical data from various studies to measure the strength of evidence.
  • Determining the effectiveness of interventions in controlled environments.
  • Understanding how interventions work or do not work in particular contexts. (correct)

    • Which type of review primarily focuses on exploring the breadth and depth of existing literature?

  • Systematic Review
  • Scoping Review (correct)
  • State of the Art Review
  • Meta-analysis

    • What is a key component within the approach of realist reviews?

    <p>Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a mixed systematic review?

    <p>To combine quantitative and qualitative studies for a comprehensive perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a literature review?

    <p>To synthesize existing knowledge on a topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a systematic rapid review?

    <p>It is a review that is faster than a full systematic review, while maintaining a systematic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of a meta-analysis?

    <p>To combine results of multiple similar studies quantitatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conducting desk-based research, what is the typical method for gathering information?

    <p>Indirect research via the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a typical step in conducting a systematic review?

    <p>Predefining objectives, criteria, and methods to reduce bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for systematic reviews to include both published and unpublished studies?

    <p>To avoid publication bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step in conducting a literature review?

    <p>Evaluating the quality of sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imagine you are deciding which car to purchase, and only research top rated reviews. What type of review is most similar to this process?

    <p>A systematic rapid review.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a 'State of the Art' review?

    <p>Current understanding of a subject.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'synthesis' step involve in literature reviews?

    <p>Identifying gaps and agreements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a systematic review?

    <p>It uses pre-defined criteria for research selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a fixed research design?

    <p>Predetermined methods that are not modified during the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method involves random assignment of participants to groups?

    <p>True experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of conducting a pilot study before a fixed-design study?

    <p>To sort out technical aspects of data collection methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of fixed designs?

    <p>They may not capture complex real-world scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a true experiment, what role does the experimenter typically play?

    <p>They actively manipulate the situation by giving different treatments to different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes a quasi-experiment?

    <p>An experiment-like study without random assignment to groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using structured questionnaires in surveys?

    <p>The ability to collect data from large groups of people efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is reproducibility a key advantage of a fixed design study?

    <p>Because the methods are fixed and therefore other researchers can easily repeat the study to achieve similar outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary objective of planning a review protocol?

    <p>To outline the objectives, criteria, data sources, and analysis methods for the review.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a realist review, what is the main reason for the flexibility that is maintained throughout the process?

    <p>To enable the discovery of new insights as the review progresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following search strategies is most appropriate for a realist review?

    <p>Searching broadly across both academic and gray literature sources to include diverse contexts and theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When screening and selecting studies for a realist review, which approach should be prioritized?

    <p>Selecting studies based on relevance to the research question and their insight into mechanisms and context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of applying the CIMO framework during data extraction in a realist review??

    <p>To systematically understand the context, intervention, mechanisms, and outcomes present in each study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the synthesis of findings in a realist review, what is the main goal?

    <p>To build explanatory models or theories that relate contexts, mechanisms and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of refining and testing theories in a realist review?

    <p>To ensure the theories hold true across various studies and contexts while incorporating new findings and feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When reporting findings from a realist review, what should be the primary focus?

    <p>Explaining which mechanisms worked (or didn't) in specific contexts and providing practical recommendations for policymakers or practitioners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding selection bias in quasi-experiments?

    <p>Pre-existing differences between groups may influence the observed outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which threat to validity is best addressed by using control groups in a quasi-experimental design?

    <p>Maturation effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher uses repeated measures in a quasi-experiment, which threat to validity are they most likely trying to mitigate?

    <p>Regression to the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the interrupted time-series design most suitable for a quasi-experiment?

    <p>When multiple data points before and after an intervention are available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would regression-discontinuity be the most appropriate quasi-experimental design?

    <p>When determining the impact of a policy with a strict eligibility criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common application of quasi-experiments in the field of healthcare?

    <p>Studying the impact of a public health campaign in different regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a significant limitation of quasi-experiments?

    <p>There is a higher risk of bias due to the lack of randomization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of quasi-experiments, when compared to true experiments?

    <p>They evaluate programs after they have already been implemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of an A-B-A-B design in single-case experiments?

    <p>Repeating the intervention to confirm improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of single-case experiments, what is a primary limitation of their design?

    <p>Limited potential for broad generalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is most crucial when designing surveys?

    <p>Clearly defined objectives and target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when carrying out a sample survey?

    <p>Ensuring the sample is representative of the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices is most important for formulating survey questions?

    <p>Ensuring clarity and avoiding leading questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using participant diaries as a data collection tool?

    <p>It captures data in real-time, reducing retrospective bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between structured and unstructured interviews?

    <p>Structured interviews have a predetermined question format and sequence, while unstructured interviews are more flexible and exploratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical piece of advice for interviewers to ensure reliable data?

    <p>Maintain neutrality and ensure adequate active listening skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Desk-Based Research

    • Desk-based research involves gathering and researching existing information to answer a research question. This is frequently called secondary research.
    • Empirical reach is a research method where the researcher gathers their own data.

    Types of Desk-Based Research

    Literature Reviews

    • Purpose: Synthesize existing research on a specific topic, identifying patterns, gaps, and relationships.
    • Process: Develop a systematic approach to locate relevant literature; include databases, keywords, and criteria for including/excluding sources.
    • Critical Appraisal: Assess the quality and relevance of studies, considering methodologies, findings, and limitations.
    • Synthesis: Integrate findings into a coherent narrative or thematic analysis.

    Systematic Reviews

    • Definition: A rigorous form of literature review that aims to answer specific research questions through in-depth data collection and analysis.
    • Characteristics: Develop a protocol, include both published and unpublished studies, use standardized forms for data extraction and analysis, and possibly utilize statistical methods (meta-analysis).

    Umbrella Reviews

    • Definition: A research approach that reviews multiple existing reviews on a topic to provide a big-picture summary of findings.

    Realist Reviews

    • Focus: Understanding the mechanisms through which interventions work in particular contexts.
    • Approach: Develop and refine theories about how interventions achieve outcomes; and explore how specific contexts influence mechanisms.

    Mixed Systematic Reviews

    • Combines quantitative and qualitative studies.

    Systematic Rapid Reviews

    • A quick way to gather and summarize existing studies on a topic.
    • Uses a systematic process, but simplifies certain steps.

    Other types of reviews

    • Systematic reviews
    • Meta-analysis
    • Scoping reviews
    • State of the art review
    • Desk-based Research

    Conducting a literature review

    • Define the scope by identifying the specific topic or question.
    • Search the literature by using relevant databases, etc
    • Assess the quality of the sources (credibility of the sources, etc).
    • Synthesize/Combine the information to provide a summary
    • Report the results.
    • Conducting a systematic review
    • Steps to conduct a systematic review
    • Define a research question
    • Develop a review protocol.

    Fixed Designs

    • Characteristics of fixed designs focus on pre-specification of procedures and control of variables.
    • Key designs for fixed approaches include true experiments, quasi-experiments, and single case experiments.

    True Experiments

    • Characteristics: Random allocation of participants, strict control of variables, comparison groups, and replicability.
    • Types: Post-test-only-randomized controlled trial (RCT), quasi-experiments, and single-case experiments.

    Quasi-Experiments

    • Characteristics: No random assignment of participants, reliance on existing groups, flexibility in design, and vulnerability to biases.
    • Types: Pre-experimental designs, post-test-only quasi-experiments, quasi-experimental designs for repeated measures, regression analysis.

    Single-Case Experiments

    • Characteristics: High level of detail about individual subjects, phased interventions to assess effectiveness of treatments, analysis of data often through visual inspection, and replicability across multiple subjects.
    • Types: A-B, A-B-A, A-B-A-B, multiple baseline.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in desk-based research, including literature reviews and systematic reviews. Understand the methodologies for synthesizing existing information and crafting coherent analyses. Enhance your research skills and learn how to critically appraise various studies.

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