Desinfección y Esterilización: Métodos Químicos y Físicos

Desinfección y Esterilización

• Infección Control can be achieved through disinfection and sterilization.
• Disinfection can be achieved using chemical agents. Physical methods can also be used to achieve disinfection.

Chemical Disinfectants

• Chemical Disinfectants attack microbial structures.
• Chemical agents are useful at the intermediate, high and low levels.
• Intermediate-level agents include glutaraldehyde and chlorine compounds.
• High-level disinfectants: glutaraldehyde.
• Low-level chemical agents include detergents, iodophors, benzalkonium, alcohols, phenolic compounds, chlorophenols, chlorhexidine, and hexachlorophene.

Physical Methods

• Physical methods of infection control include flame and heat
• Direct flame is used in laboratories to sterilize bacteriological and mycological loops.
• Dry heat methods use a hot air oven (Pasteur or Poupinel oven). This involves a closed container with a heating element inside.
• The autoclave, or steam sterilizer, is a universal method that uses saturated steam in a closed container to raise the temperature for a set duration.
• Tindalization uses an autoclave without closing the pressure valve achieving 100°C, which is sufficient to destroy vegetative forms in 30 minutes. The operation is repeated for 3 successive days.
• Ultraviolet radiation is virucidal and bactericidal but has low penetration. It's produced by mercury lamps with a wavelength of 2537 Å.
• Gamma radiation is used for sterilizing heat-sensitive materials. It’s a type of cold sterilization.
• Ultrasound uses devices that subject objects to high-frequency electrical energy, transforming it into ultrasonic waves.

Sterilization Controls

• Sterilization needs one or more safety controls, which can be physical, chemical and biological methods.
• Physical controls record the temperature, pressure, humidity or radiation received by the system.
• Chemical controls involve adhesive strips or paper bags that identify if the programmed temperature has been reached.
• Biological controls use bacterial spores in paper strips, ampoules with culture medium, or in suspensions.

Precautions Against Infections

• Universal precautions aim to avoid cross-transmission of any microorganisms, and are based on eight specific points.

Antibiotics

• Antimicrobials are categorized based on their mode of action on bacteria, fungi and viruses.
• Antibiotics: Their study focuses on the synthesis of the cell wall, cytoplasmic membranes, protein synthesis, synthesis of essential metabolites, and synthesis of nucleic acids.
• Causes of Resistance : Mutation, transduction, conjugation, transformation and transposition.

Antibacterial - Broad Spectrum

• Broad-spectrum antibiotics are classified by their mechanisms of action, attacking cell walls, membranes, protein synthesis, essential metabolites, and nucleic acid synthesis.
• Mode of action examples : Interference with cell wall (penicillin, cephalosporins), Interference with cytoplasmic membrane, Interference with Ribosomes (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, streptomycin), Anti-metabolites (sulfonamides, PAS, trimethoprim), Interference with DNA Replication (nalidixic acid, novobiocin, actinomycin, mitomycin, quinolones)
• Antibiotic drug resistance is due to Synthesis of enzymes, alteration of porins, Alteration of cellular permeability, Modification of sites, Alteration of metabolic pathways
• Antifungal Antibiotics : Polyenes, Imidazoles

Prudent Use of Antimicrobials

• Good diagnostics should be completed with microorganism identification and sensitivity testing.
• Prescribe responsibly using antimicrobials when needed and choose the most specific.
• Education for patients includes discussing correct usage and promoting hygiene.
• Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat, prudent use, surveillance, and prevention are essential.

Antimicrobial Types

• Antibacterials combat bacteria (beta-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, vancomycin, metronidazole).
• Antivirals target viruses (inhibitors of transcriptase, protease, neuraminidase, nucleoside analogs).
• Antifungals fight fungi using (azoles, polyenes, echinocandins).
• Antiparasitics eliminate parasites (antimalarials, antihelminthics, metronidazole, pyrimethamine).
• Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms resist antimicrobial effects.

Host and Parasite

• Mutualism is an interaction where both microorganisms benefit.
• Commensalism is where one lives with a host without harm or benefit.
• Symbiosis is when two different species in mutually beneficial association with each other.
• Parasitism in a relationship is harmful to the host.
• Oportunism is when an agent causes disease when the host's resistance is impaired.

Mandatory Parasites

• Obligatory : Need a host organism to survive.
• Intracellular Parasites : Live inside host cells.
• Extracellular Parasites : Live on the host's surface.
• Facultative : Thrive as saprophytes feeding on decaying organic matter.

Infection Parameters

• The infection is entry, establishment, and multiplication of bacteria on or in a host.
• Bacteria multiply and establish themselves to reach a critical number to initiate infection and invade the organism.
• Acute : Rapid infection, severe and ends abruptly.
• Chronic : Slow development, symptoms are not severe, and the disease lasts a long time.
• Subclinical : Occurs naturally and unnoticed with mild symptoms
• Superinfection is a new infection in an already infected individual.
• Empyema : Infection characterized by pus collection in a cavity.
• Piema : General septicemia with multiple secondary infection sites.
• Bacteremia in the bloodstream does not cause damage or growth.
• Infection transmission happens through direct contact (person-to-person, animal-to-person, aerosol inhalation).
• Indirect contact happens through airborne particles, dust, and droplets.
• Common in water and food, transmission through vectors.
• Bacteria infection through ingestion can occur through intestinal tract attraction, motility, and mucosa penetration.
• Inoculation through insect bites or animal bites

Neisseria Bacteria

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are species of medical importance.
• Neisseria are Gram-negative cocci or cocobacilli that occur in pairs (diplococci).
• They require 5-10% ofCO2.
• They are sensitive to external factors such as dessication.
• N. gonorrhoeae is a human obligate.

More Characteristics

• Aerobic bacteria that require oxygen for growth.
• Most are oxidase and catalase positive
• Microflora in the mouth and dental tissue.
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, can lead to complications.
• Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and septicemia.

Neisseria (Paste Odontology)

• The mouth contains species of Neisseria in the microbiota.
• The species may be founded throughout the gums.
• N. gonorrhoeae can cause gonococcal pharyngitis which is spread through oral sexual contact.

Spirochetes

• Spirochetes are spiral-shaped bacteria which can cause disease
• Genera most associated with human illnesses include: Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira
• It's a collection of bacteria with coils
• Axial filaments are used for movement

Spirochetes - Medical

• Treponema pallidum causes syphilis.
• Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease.
• Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis.

Spirochetes - Odontological

• Treponema denticola has ties to developing periodontist.
• Gingivitis and GUNA (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis) were associated with oral illnesses.
• The mouth manifestations of syphilis include lesions.

Streptococcus

• Streptococcus is a gram-positive bacteria in the streptococcocae family. They can be normal or pathogenic.. Diseases caused through infections include; strep throat, scarlett fever, impetigo and pneumonia.

Medical and Dental

• Gram-positive cocci that are typically arranged in pairs. May be facultative of anaerobic.
• The bacteria is classified with an alpha, beta, or gamma-hemolytic rating..
• The germ can cause bacteremia.
• Tooth decay can originate in infections of dental infections.
• Controlling plaque could help prevent the progression of tooth decay.
• The bacterium typically produces lactic acid from sugars.

Classification

• Based on action on erythrocytes, resistance to chemical factors, and biochemical reactions.
• Classified by their haemolytic ability or using an immunological basis to define groups and types.
• Haemolysis can be determined using agar to identify alpha-, beta-, or non-haemolytic streptococci.

Immunological Differentiation

• Antigens located in soluble and precipitant application can be used.
• Genetic studies help by measuring different amino acids to see the make-up and classification.

practical tooth classification

• Streptococci are non-viridans. Beta haemolytic. Poor oral importance.
• Streptococci Viridans. Non-beta haemolytic. Essential for the mouth.

Mocobacterias

• A virus with a lot of strength
• Mycobacterium is a bacteria identified by cell wall.
• Diseases can be caused by a Tuberculosis infection.
• It is a Aerobic bacillus

Medical side of things

Mycobaterium

• A slow acting virus when tested
• Can show traces or cause leprousy.

BIOLOGY

• Can be diagnosed when checked and tested under many facets ranging from blood tests as a start,.
• Also use cultures when testing.

Considerations

• Must know and work very hard to find infections.
• Must make sure to sanitize and not spread the infection

Actinomyces

• Actinomyces is found throughout the upper gastrointestinal region.
• It can be located throughout the membranes of the mouth,.
• Infections typically show up after the epithelial walls are broken from trauma
• Infections are caused from Actinomyces issrallii , arachnia propinica , and antinomyces nasslundii

Actinomyces Structure

• It has variable shapes and structures in the body.
• The process is difficult
• Is typically not life threatening and has typically low amounts of potential.
• B LAMIC or SULA are used for treatment.

Estafilococos

• Micrococcus is a germ caused with Cocci bacteria .
• Has no spores and can exist in the atmosphere
• Infections that result can very dangerous
• Some symptoms may come from toxins

Micro - Especies

• Espiderminis is a virus that attacks mainly.
• It causes hairfollicule infections or rashes
• Also causes endocarditis.

Estafilococos Resistance

• High levels or resistance
• Also can exist in the atmosphere
• Bacteria can take hold in deep tissue resulting in multiple different symptoms.