Questions and Answers
When did the Arts and Crafts movement occur?
1850 - 1914
Where did the Arts and Crafts movement originate?
Britain
Name two designers associated with the Arts and Crafts movement.
William Morris, Charles Rennie Mackintosh
What are common design features of the Arts and Crafts movement?
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Who heavily influenced the Arts and Crafts movement?
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Where did the Aesthetic movement take place?
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When did the Aesthetic movement occur?
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Name one designer from the Aesthetic movement.
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What are the main design features of the Aesthetic movement?
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What influenced the Aesthetic movement?
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Where did the Art Nouveau movement originate?
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When did the Art Nouveau movement take place?
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Name two designers associated with Art Nouveau.
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What are the design features of Art Nouveau?
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What inspired the Art Nouveau movement?
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When did the Deutscher Werkbund occur?
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Where was the Deutscher Werkbund based?
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Name one designer from the Deutscher Werkbund.
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What are the design features of the Deutscher Werkbund?
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What influenced the Deutscher Werkbund?
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When did the Futurism movement occur?
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Where was Futurism primarily based?
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Name one designer associated with Futurism.
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What are the design features of Futurism?
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What influenced the Futurism movement?
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When did Constructivism occur?
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Where was Constructivism based?
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Name one designer associated with Constructivism.
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What are the design features of Constructivism?
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What influenced Constructivism?
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When did the Dada movement take place?
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Where was Dada primarily based?
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Name one designer from the Dada movement.
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What are the design features of Dada?
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What influenced the Dada movement?
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Where did the De Stijl movement originate?
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When did the De Stijl movement occur?
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Name a designer from the De Stijl movement.
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What are the design features of De Stijl?
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What influenced De Stijl?
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When did the Bauhaus movement occur?
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Where was the Bauhaus movement based?
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Name a designer associated with the Bauhaus movement.
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What are the design features of the Bauhaus movement?
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When did the International Style occur?
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Where was the International Style centered?
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Name one designer from the International Style.
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What are the design features of the International Style?
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When did the Art Deco movement occur?
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Where was the Art Deco movement based?
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Name one designer associated with Art Deco.
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What are the design features of Art Deco?
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When did the Pop Art movement take place?
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Where was the Pop Art movement mainly based?
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Name one designer associated with Pop Art.
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What are the design features of Pop Art?
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When did the Organic Design movement occur?
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Name a designer associated with Organic Design.
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What are the design features of Organic Design?
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When did the Streamlining movement occur?
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Where was Streamlining primarily based?
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What are the design features of Streamlining?
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When did Radical Design & Anti Design occur?
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Where was Radical Design & Anti Design primarily based?
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Name one designer associated with Radical Design & Anti Design.
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When did Eco Design begin?
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Name two designers associated with Eco Design.
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When did Post Modern Design occur?
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Name a designer associated with Post Modern Design.
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When did the Memphis movement occur?
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Where was the Memphis movement based?
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Name a designer associated with the Memphis movement.
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What are the design features of the Memphis movement?
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When did Digital Design begin?
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Name two designers associated with Digital Design.
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Study Notes
Arts and Crafts Movement
- Timeframe: 1850 - 1914
- Origin: Britain
- Prominent designers: William Morris, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Frank Lloyd Wright
- Features: Hand-crafted items with floral fabrics, natural patterns, and textural materials
- Influences: Writer John Ruskin and reactions against the Industrial Revolution's complex Victorian styles
Aesthetic Movement
- Timeframe: 1870 - 1900
- Origin: Europe
- Notable designers: Aubrey Beardsley, James Abbott McNeil Whistler
- Characteristics: Focus on the nature of art, beauty, and taste in creating and appreciating beauty
- Influence: Japanese culture and woodwork
Art Nouveau
- Timeframe: 1890 - 1914
- Origin: Paris, France
- Key figures: Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Victor Horta, Alphonse Mucha
- Design elements: Flowing designs inspired by leaves and flowers, often feminine in style
- Influences: Natural forms, curved lines, and structures
Deutscher Werkbund
- Timeframe: 1907 - 1935
- Location: Germany
- Designers: Peter Behrens, Julius Klinger, Walter Gropius
- Design traits: Use of steel, glass, and clean color palettes (whites, greys, blacks)
- Influence: Aimed to enhance design and craftsmanship for mass production
Futurism
- Timeframe: 1910 - 1920
- Location: Italy
- Key artists: Giacomo Balla, Carlo Carrà, Umberto Boccioni
- Design attributes: Abstract forms, bright colors, complex typography, and fragmented shapes
- Influences: Cubism, emphasizing dynamic repetition in visuals
Constructivism
- Origin: 1919 in Russia
- Notable creators: Vladimir Tatlin, El Lissitzky, Valentina Kulagina
- Design style: Bold typography, photographs, geometric shapes, and vibrant colors
- Influence: Shifted from Cubist styles to a unique Constructivist approach
Dada Movement
- Timeframe: 1916 - 1923
- Location: Europe, particularly Switzerland
- Prominent figures: Tristan Tzara, Kurt Schwitters, Man Ray, Hannah Höch
- Design features: Emphasis on collage, random imagery, and abstract concepts
- Influences: Focused on unconventional composition and chance-driven results
De Stijl
- Origin: Netherlands, established in 1917
- Key figures: Theo van Doesburg, Gerrit Rietveld
- Design characteristics: Predominantly geometric shapes (rectangles and squares) featuring primary colors
- Influence: Streamlined design that prioritizes form and color
Bauhaus
- Timeframe: 1919 - 1933
- Location: Germany
- Leading designers: Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Marcel Breuer
- Design traits: Functional designs devoid of ornamentation, using basic materials and bold primary colors
- Influence: Established a seminal German design school
International Style
- Timeframe: 1920 - 1980
- Location: New York
- Key designers: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson, Saul Bass
- Design features: Architectural designs characterized by plain surfaces, rectangles, glass, and steel
- Influences: Emerged from post-war mass production trends
Art Deco
- Timeframe: 1920 - 1940
- Origin: Paris
- Noteworthy designers: Cassandre, Thea Proctor, Pierre Legrain, Walter Jardine
- Design features: Streamlined shapes representing speed, power, and modern technology
- Influence: A departure from Art Nouveau, incorporating diverse early 20th-century styles
Pop Art
- Timeframe: 1950 - 1970
- Origin: Britain
- Prominent figures: Robert Rauschenberg, Richard Hamilton, Roy Lichtenstein
- Characteristics: Bold colors, transformations of ordinary objects into art with vibrant hues
- Influences: Responded against abstract painting, aiming to reintegrate art into daily life
Organic Design
- Timeframe: 1867 - 1959
- Notable designer: Frank Lloyd Wright
- Design features: Harmonizes human needs with the natural environment, creating unified compositions
- Influence: Draws from the belief that architecture should integrate with the land
Streamlining
- Timeframe: 1930 - 1950
- Location: America
- Key design features: Emphasizes horizontal orientation with rounded edges and chrome accents
- Influences: Emerged during the transportation boom, evoking speed through aesthetics
Radical Design & Anti-Design
- Timeframe: 1960 - 1980
- Origin: Italy
- Key figures: Vico Magistretti, Gianfranco Frattini, Livio Castiglioni
- Unique characteristics: Use of striking colors, irony, distorted scales, and kitsch elements
- Influences: Addresses environmental concerns and capitalism's limitations
Eco Design (1970s Onwards)
- Initiated: 1970
- Notable designers: Aviva Rahmani, Emma Woffenden
- Design elements: Focus on eco-friendly, recycled materials, and wooden elements
- Influences: Increased awareness of environmental issues
Postmodern Design
- Origin: 1970
- Key designers: Aldo Rossi, Barbara Bielecka, Richard Bofill
- Design characteristics: Non-orthogonal angles with unique surface treatments
- Influence: Revived connections between designers and users
Memphis Group
- Timeframe: 1981 - 1987
- Location: Milan
- Influential designers: Alessandro Mendini, Andrea Branzi
- Design traits: Uses vibrant colors, fabrics, and ceramics
- Influences: Blends Art Deco and Pop Art influences while challenging class design boundaries
Digital Design
- Initiated: 1984
- Notable designers: John Bielenberg, Otl Aicher
- Characteristics: Emphasizes computer-based design and photography
- Influences: The current era has heavily shaped digital design advancements
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Test your knowledge of the Arts and Crafts movement with these flashcards. Learn about its timeline, key designers, and defining features. Suitable for anyone interested in design history.