Design Movements: Arts and Crafts

Questions and Answers

When did the Arts and Crafts movement occur?

1850 - 1914

Where did the Arts and Crafts movement originate?

Britain

Name two designers associated with the Arts and Crafts movement.

William Morris, Charles Rennie Mackintosh

What are common design features of the Arts and Crafts movement?

Floral fabrics, natural patterns and textural materials, all hand-crafted Signup and view all the answers

Who heavily influenced the Arts and Crafts movement?

John Ruskin Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Aesthetic movement take place?

Europe Signup and view all the answers

When did the Aesthetic movement occur?

1870 - 1900 Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer from the Aesthetic movement.

Aubrey Beardsley Signup and view all the answers

What are the main design features of the Aesthetic movement?

The nature of art, beauty and taste with the creation and appreciation of beauty Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Aesthetic movement?

Inspired by Japanese culture and the art form of Japanese woodwork Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Art Nouveau movement originate?

Paris, France Signup and view all the answers

When did the Art Nouveau movement take place?

1890 - 1914 Signup and view all the answers

Name two designers associated with Art Nouveau.

Victor Horta, Alphonse Mucha Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Art Nouveau?

Flowing depiction of leaves and flowers, very feminine Signup and view all the answers

What inspired the Art Nouveau movement?

Natural forms and structures Signup and view all the answers

When did the Deutscher Werkbund occur?

1907 - 1935 Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Deutscher Werkbund based?

Germany Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer from the Deutscher Werkbund.

Walter Gropius Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of the Deutscher Werkbund?

Steel, glass, clean and usually white, greys, black Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Deutscher Werkbund?

Efforts to inspire good design and craftsmanship for mass-produced goods Signup and view all the answers

When did the Futurism movement occur?

1910 - 1920 Signup and view all the answers

Where was Futurism primarily based?

Italy Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer associated with Futurism.

Umberto Boccioni Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Futurism?

Abstract art form with bright colours, sculptures, complex typography Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Futurism movement?

Cubism with repetitive lines and angles Signup and view all the answers

When did Constructivism occur?

1919 Signup and view all the answers

Where was Constructivism based?

Russia Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer associated with Constructivism.

El Lissitzky Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Constructivism?

Typography, photographs, bold colours, geometric shapes Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Constructivism?

Abandoning other styles to pursue cubism Signup and view all the answers

When did the Dada movement take place?

1916 - 1923 Signup and view all the answers

Where was Dada primarily based?

Europe, Switzerland Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer from the Dada movement.

Hannah Hoch Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Dada?

Collage, random words, images, abstract Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Dada movement?

Created unconventional imagery and included chance results Signup and view all the answers

Where did the De Stijl movement originate?

Dutch Signup and view all the answers

When did the De Stijl movement occur?

1917 Signup and view all the answers

Name a designer from the De Stijl movement.

Theo van Doesburg Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of De Stijl?

Geometric shapes (rectangle and square) use of primary colours Signup and view all the answers

What influenced De Stijl?

Minimized design to the essential focus on form and colour Signup and view all the answers

When did the Bauhaus movement occur?

1919 - 1933 Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Bauhaus movement based?

Germany Signup and view all the answers

Name a designer associated with the Bauhaus movement.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of the Bauhaus movement?

Functional designs with no ornamentation, bold primary colours Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Bauhaus movement?

The German design school Signup and view all the answers

When did the International Style occur?

1920 - 1980 Signup and view all the answers

Where was the International Style centered?

New York Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer from the International Style.

Philip Johnson Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of the International Style?

Architectural design, plain surface, rectangle, glass, steel Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the International Style?

Mass production from basic construction Signup and view all the answers

When did the Art Deco movement occur?

1920 - 1940 Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Art Deco movement based?

Paris Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer associated with Art Deco.

Cassandre Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Art Deco?

Streamlined geometric shapes, design that represented power and speed Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Art Deco movement?

Embraced influences from many different styles and movements Signup and view all the answers

When did the Pop Art movement take place?

1950 - 1970 Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Pop Art movement mainly based?

Britain Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer associated with Pop Art.

Roy Lichtenstein Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Pop Art?

Bright, quirky colours, ordinary objects turned into art Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Pop Art movement?

A reaction against abstract painting, considered too sophisticated Signup and view all the answers

When did the Organic Design movement occur?

1867 - 1959 Signup and view all the answers

Name a designer associated with Organic Design.

Frank Lloyd Wright Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Organic Design?

Harmony between human and the natural world Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Organic Design?

Buildings should be made from the land and benefit the land Signup and view all the answers

When did the Streamlining movement occur?

1930 - 1950 Signup and view all the answers

Where was Streamlining primarily based?

America Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Streamlining?

Horizontal orientation, rounded edges, chrome hardware Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Streamlining?

The demand for transportation during a booming economy Signup and view all the answers

When did Radical Design & Anti Design occur?

1960 - 1980 Signup and view all the answers

Where was Radical Design & Anti Design primarily based?

Italy Signup and view all the answers

Name one designer associated with Radical Design & Anti Design.

Vico Magistretti Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Radical Design & Anti Design?

Striking colours and prints, irony, distorted scale Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Radical Design & Anti Design?

Concerns about the environment and limitations of capitalism Signup and view all the answers

When did Eco Design begin?

1970 Signup and view all the answers

Name two designers associated with Eco Design.

Aviva Rahmani, Emma Woffenden Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Eco Design?

Wood, eco-friendly, recyclable materials Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Eco Design?

The rise in awareness of greenhouse gases and deforestation Signup and view all the answers

When did Post Modern Design occur?

1970 Signup and view all the answers

Name a designer associated with Post Modern Design.

Aldo Rossi Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Post Modern Design?

Non-orthogonal angles and unusual surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Post Modern Design?

To see the connection between the designer and the user Signup and view all the answers

When did the Memphis movement occur?

1981 - 1987 Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Memphis movement based?

Milan Signup and view all the answers

Name a designer associated with the Memphis movement.

Alessandro Mendini Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of the Memphis movement?

Bright colours, fabrics and ceramics Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the Memphis movement?

Art Deco, Pop Art, and political statements Signup and view all the answers

When did Digital Design begin?

1984 Signup and view all the answers

Name two designers associated with Digital Design.

John Bielenberg, Otl Aicher Signup and view all the answers

What are the design features of Digital Design?

Computer-based, photography Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Digital Design?

The era today has influenced the move immensely Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Arts and Crafts Movement

Timeframe: 1850 - 1914
Origin: Britain
Prominent designers: William Morris, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Frank Lloyd Wright
Features: Hand-crafted items with floral fabrics, natural patterns, and textural materials
Influences: Writer John Ruskin and reactions against the Industrial Revolution's complex Victorian styles

Aesthetic Movement

Timeframe: 1870 - 1900
Origin: Europe
Notable designers: Aubrey Beardsley, James Abbott McNeil Whistler
Characteristics: Focus on the nature of art, beauty, and taste in creating and appreciating beauty
Influence: Japanese culture and woodwork

Art Nouveau

Timeframe: 1890 - 1914
Origin: Paris, France
Key figures: Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Victor Horta, Alphonse Mucha
Design elements: Flowing designs inspired by leaves and flowers, often feminine in style
Influences: Natural forms, curved lines, and structures

Deutscher Werkbund

Timeframe: 1907 - 1935
Location: Germany
Designers: Peter Behrens, Julius Klinger, Walter Gropius
Design traits: Use of steel, glass, and clean color palettes (whites, greys, blacks)
Influence: Aimed to enhance design and craftsmanship for mass production

Futurism

Timeframe: 1910 - 1920
Location: Italy
Key artists: Giacomo Balla, Carlo Carrà, Umberto Boccioni
Design attributes: Abstract forms, bright colors, complex typography, and fragmented shapes
Influences: Cubism, emphasizing dynamic repetition in visuals

Constructivism

Origin: 1919 in Russia
Notable creators: Vladimir Tatlin, El Lissitzky, Valentina Kulagina
Design style: Bold typography, photographs, geometric shapes, and vibrant colors
Influence: Shifted from Cubist styles to a unique Constructivist approach

Dada Movement

Timeframe: 1916 - 1923
Location: Europe, particularly Switzerland
Prominent figures: Tristan Tzara, Kurt Schwitters, Man Ray, Hannah Höch
Design features: Emphasis on collage, random imagery, and abstract concepts
Influences: Focused on unconventional composition and chance-driven results

De Stijl

Origin: Netherlands, established in 1917
Key figures: Theo van Doesburg, Gerrit Rietveld
Design characteristics: Predominantly geometric shapes (rectangles and squares) featuring primary colors
Influence: Streamlined design that prioritizes form and color

Bauhaus

Timeframe: 1919 - 1933
Location: Germany
Leading designers: Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Marcel Breuer
Design traits: Functional designs devoid of ornamentation, using basic materials and bold primary colors
Influence: Established a seminal German design school

International Style

Timeframe: 1920 - 1980
Location: New York
Key designers: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson, Saul Bass
Design features: Architectural designs characterized by plain surfaces, rectangles, glass, and steel
Influences: Emerged from post-war mass production trends

Art Deco

Timeframe: 1920 - 1940
Origin: Paris
Noteworthy designers: Cassandre, Thea Proctor, Pierre Legrain, Walter Jardine
Design features: Streamlined shapes representing speed, power, and modern technology
Influence: A departure from Art Nouveau, incorporating diverse early 20th-century styles

Pop Art

Timeframe: 1950 - 1970
Origin: Britain
Prominent figures: Robert Rauschenberg, Richard Hamilton, Roy Lichtenstein
Characteristics: Bold colors, transformations of ordinary objects into art with vibrant hues
Influences: Responded against abstract painting, aiming to reintegrate art into daily life

Organic Design

Timeframe: 1867 - 1959
Notable designer: Frank Lloyd Wright
Design features: Harmonizes human needs with the natural environment, creating unified compositions
Influence: Draws from the belief that architecture should integrate with the land

Streamlining

Timeframe: 1930 - 1950
Location: America
Key design features: Emphasizes horizontal orientation with rounded edges and chrome accents
Influences: Emerged during the transportation boom, evoking speed through aesthetics

Radical Design & Anti-Design

Timeframe: 1960 - 1980
Origin: Italy
Key figures: Vico Magistretti, Gianfranco Frattini, Livio Castiglioni
Unique characteristics: Use of striking colors, irony, distorted scales, and kitsch elements
Influences: Addresses environmental concerns and capitalism's limitations

Eco Design (1970s Onwards)

Initiated: 1970
Notable designers: Aviva Rahmani, Emma Woffenden
Design elements: Focus on eco-friendly, recycled materials, and wooden elements
Influences: Increased awareness of environmental issues

Postmodern Design

Origin: 1970
Key designers: Aldo Rossi, Barbara Bielecka, Richard Bofill
Design characteristics: Non-orthogonal angles with unique surface treatments
Influence: Revived connections between designers and users

Memphis Group

Timeframe: 1981 - 1987
Location: Milan
Influential designers: Alessandro Mendini, Andrea Branzi
Design traits: Uses vibrant colors, fabrics, and ceramics
Influences: Blends Art Deco and Pop Art influences while challenging class design boundaries

Digital Design

Initiated: 1984
Notable designers: John Bielenberg, Otl Aicher
Characteristics: Emphasizes computer-based design and photography
Influences: The current era has heavily shaped digital design advancements

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Test your knowledge of the Arts and Crafts movement with these flashcards. Learn about its timeline, key designers, and defining features. Suitable for anyone interested in design history.