Descriptive and Correlational Research

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of standardized research instruments?

They primarily rely on the researcher's intuition.

They require more time for data collection.

They allow for collecting data from small sample sizes.

They enable efficient data collection from large sample sizes. (correct)

Which type of variable represents a measurable characteristic that changes in value?

Categorical Variable

Variable (correct)

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable

Which statement best describes a ratio variable?

It is solely qualitative without any numerical representation.

It has no true zero value.

It allows for the comparison of differences between values. (correct)

It is counted in distinct, separate categories.

What is the role of an independent variable in research?

It is presumed to cause changes in another variable. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variable can take on an infinite number of values within a population?

Continuous Variable Signup and view all the answers

What defines an ordinal variable?

It can be ranked and has two or more categories. Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable is blood type considered?

Nominal Variable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the definition of a dependent variable?

It changes due to manipulation of another variable. Signup and view all the answers

What does descriptive research primarily focus on?

Describing, analyzing, and interpreting existing conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between correlation and causation?

Correlation shows a statistical association, while causation indicates one variable causes changes in another. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of research?

Analytical - applies analytic procedures for data gathering and analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the research process?

Identifying the problem Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes experimental research?

It establishes cause-and-effect relationships through manipulation of variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does Depositario's F-F Theory emphasize as the first step?

Focus Facts Signup and view all the answers

Why is a large sample size important in research?

To provide more meaningful statistical results. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'inquiry'?

A motivated process of questioning to obtain knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Descriptive Research

Focuses on describing phenomena through observation in natural contexts.
Involves analysis and interpretation of existing conditions.
Addresses fundamental questions: who, what, when, and where.

Relationships in Research

Relationship refers to the correspondence between two variables.
Correlation indicates a statistical association, while causation implies one variable directly affects another.

Experimental Research

Known as True Experimental Research, it establishes cause-and-effect relationships.
Researchers manipulate variables to observe effects systematically.

Research Definition

Defined by Kerlinger (1973) as hypothetical propositions regarding relations in natural phenomena.

Characteristics of Research

Empirical: Based on direct observations.
Logical: Employs reasoning and valid procedures.
Cyclical: Research findings can lead to further studies.
Analytical: Utilizes analytical methods for data gathering and analysis.
Critical: Requires precise judgment and careful analysis.
Methodical: Adheres to appropriate methods and techniques.
Replicable: Study design is repeatable to ensure validity.

Research Process

Identifying the research problem.
Reviewing relevant literature.
Establishing research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.
Selecting the appropriate study design.
Deciding on sample design.
Collecting data effectively.
Processing and analyzing collected data.
Writing the research report.
Sharing the findings through written reports.

Depositario's F-F Theory

Focus Facts: Identify key facts relevant to the inquiry.
Find Facts: Gather necessary information.
Filter Facts: Differentiate between essential and non-essential facts.
Finalize Facts: Synthesize findings for clarity.

Inquiry vs. Research

Inquiry is a motivation-driven learning process aimed at obtaining knowledge through questions.
Research is a systematic method for solving problems or answering inquiries.

Importance of Sample Size

A larger sample size is essential for meaningful statistical outcomes.

Objectivity in Research

Objectivity ensures that data gathering and analysis are free from personal biases.

Data Collection and Analysis

Standardized tools streamline data collection for large samples.
Statistical tools facilitate quicker data analysis.
Generalized data can be applied to a population through proper sampling techniques.

Variables in Research

Independent Variable: Presumed cause that affects the dependent variable (e.g., studying hours impact test scores).
Dependent Variable: The outcome affected by the independent variable (e.g., test grades).

Definitions and Types of Variables

A variable is a measurable characteristic that changes in value (e.g., age, gender).
Continuous Variables: Infinite possible values, such as height and temperature.
Discrete Variables: Distinct values without fractions (e.g., sex, blood type).

Continuous Variable Types

Interval Variable: Differences between values are meaningful (e.g., temperature).
Ratio Variable: Has all interval properties with a meaningful zero value (e.g., height, weight).

Discrete Variable Types

Nominal Variable: No quantitative value; categories with no implied order (e.g., eye color).
Ordinal Variable: Ranked categories (e.g., performance levels).

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Description

This quiz explores descriptive research methods, focusing on the observation and analysis of phenomena in their natural setting. It also examines the concepts of correlation and causation between variables, highlighting differences in their statistical associations and experimental analysis.